A qa'ida ta superposition lantarki filayen

Manufar wannan sashe da aka tsara a cikin irin wannan hanya electrostatics: da qaddara rarraba a sarari, kuma da adadin lantarki zargin (filin kafofin) domin sanin darajar da vector na E filin a duk maki. A warware wannan matsala ne zai yiwu a kan tushen da irin matsalolin a matsayin ka'ida na superposition lantarki filayen (manufa na 'yancin kai daga kufan lantarki filayen): tsanani daga wani lantarki filin tsarin na zargin za su kasance daidai da na lissafi da Naira Miliyan Xari da filin karfi, wanda ake samar da kowane daga cikin zargin.

The zargin cewa halitta electrostatic filin za a iya raba a sarari ko diskertno ko ci gaba. A cikin farko idan da filin ƙarfi :

n

E = Σ Ei₃

i = t,

inda Karna Maiya - tsanani, a kuma wani batu na cikin filin sarari generated da daya i-th cajin tsarin, da kuma n - jimlar yawan diskertnyh zargin da suke kunshe a cikin tsarin.

Wani misali na warware matsalar, wanda dogara ne a kan tsari irin na superposition na lantarki filayen. Kamar wancan ne domin sanin da electrostatic filin, wanda aka halitta a vacuo tsit batu zargin q₁, q₂, ..., qn, ta amfani da dabara:

n

E = (1 / 4πε₀) Σ (Qi / r³i) ri

i = t,

inda ri - radius vector kõma daga wani batu na cajin Qi a dauke batu na farar.

A nan ne wani misali. Tabbatar da dalilin da electrostatic filin wanda aka generated da wani lantarki dipole a vacuo.

A lantarki dipole - a tsarin na biyu m, a cikakkar darajar da, ta haka ne, na daura alama zargin q> 0 kuma -q, da nesa na tsakanin su ne in mun gwada kananan idan aka kwatanta da nesa da maki gani. Hanya dipole vector za a kira l, wanda aka directed tare da dipole axis ga m lura da korau da numerically daidaita da nesa na tsakanin su. Vector pₑ = ql - wani lantarki dipole lokacin (lantarki dipole lokacin).

Dipole filin ƙarfi E a kowane batu:

E = + E₊ E₋,

inda E₊ da E₋ ne filin karfi na lantarki zargin q kuma -q.

Saboda haka, a aya A, wanda aka located a kan dipole axis, da filin ƙarfi daga cikin dipole zai zama daidai a vacuo

E = (1 / 4πε₀) (2pₑ / r³)

A aya B, wanda aka located a kan perpendicular zuwa dipole axis rage daga tsakiyar:

E = (1 / 4πε₀) (pₑ / r³)

A wani sabani batu M, isasshe m daga dipole (r≥l), tsanani da ta filin naúrar ne

E = (1 / 4πε₀) (pₑ / r³) √3cosθ + 1

Bugu da kari, da lantarki filin ne manufa na superposition na biyu kalamai:

1. Coulomb karfi na hulda da biyu zargin ba a dogara a kan gaban sauran cajin jikin.
2. Bari mu ɗauka cewa da cajin q interacts da tsarin na zargin Q1, q2 ,. . . , Qn. Idan kowanne daga cikin zargin da tsarin abubuwa a kan cajin q tilasta F₁, F₂, ..., FN, bi da bi, da resultant karfi F, shafi na cajin q a kan wani ɓangare na tsarin ne daidaita da vector ware Naira Miliyan Xari da mutum sojojin:
   F = F₁ + F₂ + ... + FN.

Saboda haka, lantarki filin superposition manufa damar zuwa zo da wani muhimmanci sanarwa.

Kamar yadda aka sani, dokar duniya gravitation ne m ba kawai ga aya-salla, amma kuma ga bukukuwa tare da wani spherically-fasali nauyi rarraba (musamman, domin ball da ma'ana taro). sa'an nan r - nesa tsakanin cibiyoyin da bukukuwa (daga batu taro da cibiyar da ball). Wannan haka daga ilmin lissafi nau'i na doka a duniya a gravitation da manufa na superposition.

Tun da dabara Coulomb dokar yana da guda tsarin yadda dokar nauyi, da kuma Coulomb karfi ne kuma kaga filayen superposition manufa, yana yiwuwa ya sa irin wannan ƙarshe: coulomb zai yi mu'amala biyu cajin ball (ma'ana cajin da ball) da proviso cewa bukukuwa da spherically fasali cajin rarraba. darajar r a cikin wannan yanayin ne da nisa tsakanin cibiyoyin da bukukuwa (daga wani batu na cajin zuwa Sphere).

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa tsanani da filin cajin ball ne daga cikin ball ne guda a matsayin cewa daga wani batu cajin.

Amma a electrostatics, sabanin nauyi, tare da wannan ra'ayi, kamar yadda wani superposition na filayen, dole ne mu yi hankali. Alal misali, lokacin da na gabatowa gaskiya ma cajin karfe bukukuwa siffar zobe fasali da aka karya: tabbatacce zargin, yardatayya turawa kashe, zai ayan mafi m daga juna sassan na da bukukuwa (na cibiyoyin tabbatacce cajin za a located m baya fiye da cibiyoyin da bukukuwa). Saboda haka da m karfi na bukukuwa a wannan harka shi ne kasa da darajar da aka samu daga Coulomb ta dokar ta musanya r da nisa tsakanin cibiyoyin.