Hadfield karfe siffofin: abun da ke ciki, da yin amfani da

The karfe masana'antu - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci aka gyara daga cikin GDP na kowace kasa, kamar yadda na samar na musamman da kuma amfani da kayayyakin. Ba tare da samar steelworks kayayyakin mutãne ba zai iya yi ba tare da. Karfe - daya daga cikinsu. Akwai daban-daban na kayayyakin da ake amfani da su a da dama masana'antu. Karfe, wanda yana da babban plasticity da kuma sa kudi, shi - Hadfield karfe, - musamman gami. Bukatun ga shi an kayyade ta Gost 977-88 da kuma kasashen waje da takwarorinsu (USA, Ingila, Jamus, China, Japan, Finland, Spain, Korea).

Tarihi Hadfield karfe

Kamar yadda sunan wanann, shi za a iya bayar da hujjar cewa shi ya Robert Hadfield samu wannan gami. Wanda shi ne developer? Robert Hadfield - English metallurgist wanda ya karbi wani gami da hakan ƙarfi a 1882. Bada jimawa ba, wannan karfe ya yada, kuma ya yi sosai musamman abu.

Bayan Hadfield Karfe ya ɓullo da wani musamman, sha'awar ta ci gaba da soja. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, tun da irin wannan gami shi ne wani muhimmin bangaren ga halittar m kayan aiki na soja.

Dakaru kwalkwali mai karko - na farko m kayan aiki, wanda dogara ne a kan Hadfield karfe. Wadannan kwalkwali aka yi amfani da sojoji na Birtaniya Army, sa'an nan ya zama interested in da ci gaban da sojojin Amurka da suka fara su samar. Har zuwa 80 fasahar Hadfield karfe bai canja ba. Amma tare da 80-ies da aka ɓullo da organoplastics cewa ƙarfi ne ba na baya kayan ci gaba da Birtaniya metallurgist, amma shi ya kasance da yawa sauki.

Kwalkwali ga dakaru - wannan ba shi ne kawai amfani da Hadfield karfe. Birtaniya kamfanin "Vickers" shi ne na farko da za a yi amfani da sauran dalilai da high-sa karfe. Sa ido sulke truck fara samar da Hadfield na gami a cikin 20s. Karfe tank manyan motoci ya karu nisan miloli daga 500 zuwa 4800 kilomita. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, a irin wannan karuwa a nisan miloli an dauki kusan wata mu'ujiza. Hadfield karfe ya zama ba makawa ga tank ci gaba. Ba da da ewa, wannan gami da ake amfani ba kawai a cikin tanki amma kuma a sauran masana'antu. A Tarayyar Soviet, farkon Hadfield karfe smelleded a 1936.

Hadfield Karfe: Abun da ke ciki

Binciken sinadaran abun da ke ciki, musamman da yawan carbon da manganese za a iya gani cewa shi ne austenitic karfe. Irin wannan tsarin inganta lalacewa juriya da kuma ta taurare gami. Saboda haka, karfe ne resistant zuwa nakasawa tsari, da ciwon babban mataki na ductility da tauri. Steelmakers ce wannan shi ne na farko gami bakin karfe, wanda sun fara taro-anfaninta.

Properties na Hadfield karfe

Saboda da kaddarorin austenitic karfe ba za a iya sarrafa ta yankan kayan aikin, saboda yana da wani high danko. Kawai gyaren iya zama dace da na yi na kayayyakin sanya daga wannan abu.

Hadfield gami yana da babban iya aiki domin aikin hardening, wanda shi ne muhimmanci mafi girma fiye da na kama karfe gami. Austenitic karfe yana low taurin, high lalacewa juriya amma kuma a kan tasiri, high matsa lamba da kuma yawan zafin jiki saukad. Bisa ga wadannan halaye, ba za mu iya ce cewa Birtaniya metallurgist karfe dace da amfani a lalatattu yanayin.

Musamman waldi fasahar Hadfield karfe

A thermal watsin da austenite ne muhimmanci ƙananan fiye da na sauran steels, 4-6 sau. A thermal fadada coefficient ne sau da yawa fiye da abin da na low-carbon steels - a 1,9 sau. Wadannan suna da muhimmanci sosai halaye na karfe, don haka da sakamako a kan yiwuwar sanyi fatattaka a cikin zazzabi daukan hotuna.

Akwai wani gagarumin yiwuwa da kuma zafi fatattaka saboda shrinkage na zaben 'yan wasa gami, wanda shi ne 1.6 sau mafi low-carbon karfe. A high zazzabi canza da austenitic tsarin da martensitic, wanda kara hadarin fasa a cikin yankin na high yanayin zafi.

Areas na aikace-aikace Hadfield karfe

Saboda da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, halaye da kuma siffofin da austenite da ake amfani a da yawa masana'antu. Amfani da karfe kayayyakin, za ka iya tabbata daga cikin aminci kuma mafi girma karko.

Wear-resistant karfe ne mai rare abu. A babbar yawan masana'antu da samar da high-ƙarfi kayayyakin, amfani Hadfield karfe. Wadannan kayayyakin samar daga wannan gami:

• Engineering kayayyakin.
• Truckee tankuna caterpillars.
• Tractors.
• Railway mararraba.
• Turnouts, iya aiki a cikin matsananci tasiri kaya da abrasion yanayi.
• Kurkuku sanduna a kan windows.
• wa Huɗama aka gyara.

Nishadi da aka Manufacturing kurkuku lattices na austenite. Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa shi ne siffa izgili da fursunonin da suke yunƙurin tserewa. Bisa ga litattafansu na Genre, da yawa zumunta sneaked a hacksaw zuwa fursunonin wanda a cikin bege na da 'yancin fara yanke taga sanduna.

A cikin hali na talakawa karfe ne m mafaka. Amma Hadfield gami - shi ne ci-resistant karfe, wanda shi ne yawanci a hacksaw zuwa ga ba zai yiwu ba. Idan ka fara zuwa ga raga na gami Hadfield, shi farawa hardening surface, wadda take kaiwa zuwa hardening na austenite. Hacksaw raga qara taurin da kuma taurin handsaw sama. Saboda haka, za mu iya magana game da unreality mafaka.

karfe 110G13L

Karfe sa 110G13L - gami, wanda ake amfani da simintin gyaran kafa kuma yana da musamman Properties. Wannan karfe yana da babban lalacewa juriya a naushe ko matsa lamba differentials.

Aikace-aikace steels 110G13L

Wannan irin karfe amfani a samar da wadannan kayan:

• Tã wajibi sassa cewa bukatar zama m.
• mazugi Huɗama.
• A hakora na excavators bango.
• Housing ball, jet Mills.

Analogs steels

Irin wannan karfe samar da} asashe da dama.

Properties na karfe sa 110G13L

Fasaha da kuma inji Properties daga cikin kayan da aka bã a cikin alluna.

Inji Properties a T = 20 ^o C iri karfe 110G13L

zafi magani

Zafi magani Hadfield karfe dogara a kan matakin na carbon abun ciki a cikin gami. A mataki na carbon, da hakan da yawan zafin jiki. Alal misali, idan a cikin gami shi ne a 1%, da yawan zafin jiki ya zama kasa 900 digiri. Idan 1.5% carbon, da aiki shi ne zai yiwu a 1000 digiri. Idan carbon ne ba a cikin gami a 1.6%, da yawan zafin jiki ya zama sama 1050 digiri. Wannan ne bi da ruwa sanyaya.

High zafin jiki da ake bukata domin samun cikakken rushe carbides, kaskantar da ingancin zaben 'yan wasa, kuma ga ci gaban da austenite hatsi. Fitar daukan hotuna lokaci dogara a kan ta kauri. Saboda haka, a 30-mm kauri bukatar soaking a 4 hours, da kuma 125 mm - 24 hours.

Abrasion juriya Hadfield karfe a matsayin-jefa yanayin ne kamar bayan quenching. austenite tsarin da aka kewaye da carbide da kuma raga behaves sa yanayi, kazalika da yi kama taurare gami. Yana iya haka a yi jayayya cewa a wasu zubi austenite microvolumes yana da guda ƙarfi ne, kuma karko kamar yadda ya taurare karfe. Its ƙãra fragility saboda da tasiri na carbide layin wutar, wanda ya haddasa wani karfi taro na ciki gajiyan.

Hadfield karfe da aka ɓullo da dama da suka gabata da suka wuce. Yau, gami karfe - shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin samar da yawa kayayyakin a daban-daban da masana'antu. Ba tare da irin wannan masana'antu kamar inji gini, da mai, da iskar gas, da sinadaran, abinci aiki, makamashi masana'antu ba aiki yadda ya kamata. Kada ka manta game da yi, tank masana'antu da kuma ci gaban sabon iri na makamai da suke amfani da sabon nasarori karfe masana'antu. Duk da haka, injiniyoyi da metallurgists ba da cikakken fahimta duk da kaddarorin, fasali da kuma halaye na gami steels.