Gymnosperms daraja a rayuwar mutum, a yanayi

Tsire-tsire na zuwa gymnosperms - tushen Flora musamman yankunan da Duniya. Su - huhu na duniya tamu, samar da babbar yawa oxygen da kuma rage carbon dioxide taro. The abinci darajar gymnosperms ne samar da abinci ga tsuntsaye hakori.

Janar Halaye na iri

A farko shuka da aka karbe ta tsaba, ya bayyana a tsakiyar cikin Devonian lokaci. Duk da haka, su ɗaukaka a cikin spore bayyana a wani lokaci daga baya. Masana kimiyya siffantãwa wannan taron canjin yanayi: a rage zafin jiki da kuma hazo a cikin Mesozoic zamanin. Diversity, kuma darajar gymnosperms da flowering shuke-shuke da gagarumin bambanci. Duka sashen na sama Flora kama gaban Tushen, harbe da kuma generative gabobin.

Shuke-shuke da cewa haifa da tsaba, da wasu amfani a kan spore. Babban bayãnin hukuncin fasali:

• Spore aka yi sama da wata guda cell, da tsaba - daga saitin.
• Pollination - canja wurin tsari na pollen hatsi a cikin zuriyar germs. Wani lokaci domin wannan dalili shi ake bukata iska, kwari da dabbobi.
• The iri kunshi wani tayi, da zama dole na gina jiki da kuma harsashi cewa kare da waje tsoma.
• Ga hadi lallai ba ne su ruwa.

Janar halaye na gymnosperms

The san darajar gymnosperms a cikin yanayi saboda su tsari. Akwai game da 700 zamani jinsunan wadannan shuke-shuke. Zuriyarsu ne a kan saman da Sikeli bude. Duk da kariya - kwasfa. Rage danshin daga surface gudanar ta hanyar stomata bayyana.

Conifers da tsawo na 40 zuwa 70 m, amma akwai nau'in da kuma kai 100 m, shi za a iya dangana ga Santa itace. Kara kauri daga kututturan samar da cambium Kwayoyin, wanda ya mutu a kashe a kan lokaci. Yana bada kariya daga tsananin iska. A haushi Pine itatuwa yana da wani jam'i na tubules da guduro wanda yake malala daga cikin lalace rabo daga rauni warkar. Wani ma'anar gymnosperms a cikin yanayi - carbon ajiya, wanda sa'an nan ya shiga cikin wani ajiya.

haifuwa gymnosperms

Don mafi alhẽri gane muhimmancin gymnosperms, yana da daraja idan akai la'akari da haifuwa. Mun yi wannan a kan misali na Pine tsaba wanda ya bayyana a lokacin da itacen shekaru daga 12 zuwa shekaru 15. Cones - jikinsu, wanda nunarsa iri rudiments da pollen hatsi. Suna kafa a sakamakon gyare-gyaren da harbe wanda ya zama guntu, da kuma ganye sun juya a cikin flakes.

Pine nasa ne a monoecious shuka, wanda da biyu mata da maza gabobin da haifuwa. Mace Cones ne m ya dafa da kuma m Sikeli. Girma a cikin shoot koli. Kowane lamella mallaka biyu iri jam. Male Cones aka kafa a kusa da tushe na dogon harbe. Su launi ne rawaya-m. A flakes sun 2 anther, pollen kafa a cikinta. Its hatsi da biyu bawo tsakanin wanda akwai cavities cika da iska. Wannan yanayin ba hirtsinta don matsawa da iska daga wuri na ci gaba.

Karatu da darajar gymnosperms, ba shi yiwuwa ya miss da aiwatar da pollination:

• A cikin bazara pollen zuwa iska hits ovules.
• Sikeli da Cones fara danganta up, gaba daya rufe jiki.
• Ya samu daga hirtsinta hatsi germinates pollen tube.
• Hadi ya faru ne kawai bayan wani shekara, a lokacin da ciki na seminal primordia bayyana kwai da kuma endosperm (nama tare da wata wadata da na gina jiki).
• Domin da kwai daidai pollen tube a kan wanda biyu maniyyi (ba tare da flagella) an koma. Daya daga cikin su ya kai manufa da kuma hadi faruwa, da kuma na biyu ya mutu.
• Saboda iri jam an kafa iri.

iri

Tsaba kunshi kwasfa (harsashi kafa daga ɗigon maniyyi), endosperm da jam. Su girma a shekaru 3 bayan da bumps girma. A wannan itacen yana da su a cikin daban-daban matakai na raya kasa. Pine kwayoyi flower kama, amma ne endosperm, wanda aka kafa daga prothallia. Yana da quite nauyi da kuma resistant zuwa waje muhalli. Yana iya girma a kan m zana hotunan da kuma jure mai tsanani frosts. Wadannan da kuma wasu cikakkun bayanai suna ƙaddara da darajar da gymnosperms.

Lafiyar qasa gymnosperms

Mene ne muhimmancin gymnosperms, wanda zai iya kwatanta, da sanin nawa suka haihuwa. A Paleozoic da Mesozoic dazamani da suka mamaye a cikin Flora. Wadannan sun Evergreen itatuwa. Species, kowa a wurare masu zafi zone, mallaka manyan dissected ganye (kamar dabino). Green gabobin da tsire-tsire a arewacin latitudes ne kananan (kamar needles ko ma'aunan). Wannan shi ne saboda low zafi.

Mene ne akanta ne gaskiya cewa gymnosperms samar da dukkan gandun daji? Taiga temperate latitudes - gida domin da yawa daga alƙarya da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Musamman shi yana nufin da tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa (dabbobi masu cin nama, omnivores da phytophagous). Gandun daji samar musu da abinci, kariya, matsuguni, da yanayi na kiwo da kuma rearing matasa.

Ma'adanai Siberia - tsoho gymnosperms babban size. Yanzu yankin na coniferous gandun daji suna hanzari ragewa saboda dalilai daban-daban: gizo, gobara, share sarari ga hanyoyi, birane da kuma masana'antu. Detrimental ga taiga ayyukan alaka da ambaliyar ruwa yankunan, da draining na dausayi, da kuma hakar ma'adinai.

M gymnosperms - enrichment na iska tare da oxygen da kuma tsaftacewa da shi na carbon dioxide. Man sosai bai kula da tufafinsa da dangantaka da su ayyuka, don haka da cewa babban abun ciki na cutarwa impurities da toka a cikin sararin sama take kaiwa zuwa clogging da kuma jari na abubuwa stomata a cikin leaf ruwa. A needles ba fada kashe a kowace shekara, don haka su lifespan an rage saboda wannan for 'yan shekaru. Deforestation ne daya daga cikin manyan kalubale da ke fuskantar duniya.

Gymnosperms daraja a rayuwar mutum

Tattalin arziki da yin amfani da conifers fara dogon da suka wuce. A duniya ta yau, yana da wuya su yi tunanin ba tare da su yawa rassan samar da hanyar rayuwa. A amfani da ma'anar gymnosperms a daban-daban na rayuwa:

• Abinci. Daga cikin zuciyar wani ɓangare na cycads nuna a daidai gindi. A cikin abinci cinye tsaba Siberian Pine.
• Construction. Wood - mai ban mamaki abu domin karewa da kuma samar da Tsarin.
• Fuel. Dry itace da ake amfani da dumama mutum gidaje.
• Medicine. Essential mai na Pine buds - Dalili magunguna.
• Chemical. Daga gymnosperms nuna turpentine, kwalta, farar wutã ne, muhimmanci mai.
• Ado. akwai ornamental jinsunan tsakanin conifers. Great darajar gymnosperms a cikin halittar gandun daji belts tare filayen da kuma hanyoyi.

Next, dauki mukalli gymnosperms darajar a rayuwar dan Adam. Sanarwa daga kowane irin zai zama takaice.

Pine da spruce

Pine - hankula wakilin Flora na temperate sauyin yanayi da kuma subtropical duwãtsu. Ya ke tsiro da sauri da kuma ƙaunar da haske. Haifar gandun daji a kan yashi kasa ko gauraye gandun daji. Rayuwa Hasashen har zuwa shekaru 400. Pine itace da ake amfani a yi da jirgin sama, Railway kekunan shanun, ruwa da sufuri, furniture. Rosin, turpentine guduro, da kuma jirgin da aka samar daga turpentine. Fresh harbe - raw kayan domin samar da magunguna saboda babban abun ciki na bitamin C. Medical amfani da pollen hatsi a matsayin madadin lycopodium rigingimu. Pine - hankula wakilin conifers, don haka darajar gymnosperms sukan bi a kan ta misali.

Spruce tsiro a Turai da kuma kasashen yammaci Siberia, a cikin Carpathian Mountains. Rayuwa Hasashen har zuwa shekaru 300. Akwai tsabta da kuma spruce da wani admixture na sauran coniferous da deciduous jinsunan. Wood - mai kyau gini abu, man fetur. Cellulose samu daga gare - albarkatun kasa domin papermaking. A haushi shi ne mai arziki a tannins. Make turpentine, rosin, farar wutã ne, guduro.

Fir da larch

fir mazauninsu ne quite m. Wannan itace ne sosai m of inuwa da kuma sanyi. Branches cewa girma kusa da qasa, da sauki, don samar da asalinsu. Za a iya samu a tuddanta, kuma mountainous ƙasa. Wood - mai kyau abu domin gina, crafts, takarda da paperboard. A muhimmanci man fetur samar daga cikin needles. Kafur da balms sanya daga matasa harbe. Akwai ornamental jinsin amfani a wuri mai faɗi zane.

Larch - hankula da shuka na Eurasia da kuma Arewacin Amirka nahiyar. By hunturu, ta zubar da needles cewa ba su samu a sauran gymnosperms. Shi ne resistant zuwa sanyi, amma yana son sunshine. Wood yana da wani m ya dafa, wanda shi ne resistant ga laima. Daga shi ya sa As'hab, jingina a mahakar, takarda kayayyakin. Kuma shi ya sami yin amfani da sarrafa jiragen ruwa.

Cedar da Yew

Cedar tsiro a cikin Rum, Western Himalayas, Siberia. Ya na da m kambi da kuma mafi tsawo. Its karfi itace amfani a gina jiragen ruwa.

Tees - tartsatsi jinsunan. Babu zalla Yew gandun daji. Shi ne na hali na dutsen da dumi wuraren. Kawai wannan ba wakilin resins na conifers. Itace launi - rawaya-ja. An yadu amfani da matsayin albarkatun kasa domin jujjũyãwar, sassaƙa da aikin gine-gine. Daga shi nuna furniture, gina gidaje. The darajar itace - a jure putrefaction.

Cypress da Juniper

Cypress tsiro a temperate-dumi canjin yanayin da Eurasia da kuma Arewacin Amirka. A cikin Crimea da Caucasus, samu a gidãjen Aljanna. Crohn yana da wani dala siffar ko a yada. Soft da hur ornamental abu. Na itace, da na sa furniture.

Juniper tsiro a duk yanayin bangarori na arewacin yammancin duniya. Pure siffofin da wani haske gandun daji. Wakilta low itatuwa da kuma shrubs. Tartsatsi abu don handicrafts kuma yi. Sanibol - mai guba da muhimmanci mai dauke a cikin harbe. Ana amfani da likita dalilai.