Ingantaccen dauki zuwa alkenes. Chemical dũkiyarsu da kuma tsarin da alkenes

Mene ne ingantaccen halayen zuwa alkenes? Domin amsa wannan tambaya dole ne mu farko fahimci abin da ƙunshi wakilan wannan aji.

Feature aji

Don fara nazarin tsarin alkenes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons ake magana a kai tana gina da ciwon da janar dabara CnH2n. A tsarin da mikakke alkenes, amma su tsarin ban da guda (sauki) connection, akwai kuma wani hadadden (biyu bond).

nomenclature

Kafin mu fahince da ingantaccen halayen zuwa alkenes, zai mayar da hankali a kan matsalolin da suka shafi sunayensu. Hanya ne kama da alkanes aji, amma akwai wasu rarrabe sigogi, wanda ya kamata zauna raba. Da farko muna bukatar mu sami tsarin samarwa da mafi tsawo carbon sarkar wanda ya hada da wani biyu bond.

Bugu da ari, C kwayoyin halitta suna ƙidaya daga gefe a kan abin da biyu bond aka located kusa da saman na sarkar. Idan ba a cikin kwayoyin na hydrocarbon radicals (sauran embodiments substituents), a cikin irin wannan yanayin da ake bukata don nuna matsayin su, lambobin. Idan akwai mahara m radicals cancanta kari kafin kalma amfani. Nan da ake kira babban sarkar kanta, da ake ji -en kari na baya baki. A wannan alamomin (sai dai ethylene da propene) ne don saka a lambar wuri mahara bond.

zažužžukan isomerism

Ingantaccen halayen a kan alkenes alaka da wuri a cikin kwayoyin da wani biyu bond. Irin wannan dogaro yakan haifar da wani karin cikakken nazarin batun isomeric unsaturated hydrocarbons. Kamar yadda da wasu mambobi na hydrocarbons wanda kwayoyin da tsarin isomers na alkenes. Alal misali, ga abun da ke ciki na al'amarin za a iya visualized C4H8 butenes da 2-methylpropene.

Bugu da kari, wakilan wannan aji na unsaturated hydrocarbons akwai positional isomers na biyu bond. Yana dogara a kan wasu sinadaran Properties na wannan aji na wurinta.

Ya bambanta tsakanin iri isomerism, ba mallaki by sauran wakilan CxHy, lura lissafi (girma Tsarin). Dangane da juyawa daga cikin biyu bond na wani alkene kwayoyin da wani ɓaɓɓake za a iya samu CIS kuma trans isomers. Interclass isomerism ta ɗaure alkenes cycloalkanes. Irin wannan iri-iri Tsarin, muhimmi ga wakilan da homologue jerin ethylene, kayyade su na asali sinadaran Properties.

sinadaran Properties

Ingantaccen dauki zuwa alkenes - shi ne su hulda da ruwa-ruwa mafita daga halogens. Wadannan sun hada da bromo, iodo, chloro. A sakamakon irin wannan sinadaran dauki auku tsagawa da biyu bond shiga halogen kwayoyin halitta. A matsayin halayyar wannan hulda aka dauke discoloration aidin (bromine) ruwa. Ingantaccen dauki zuwa alkene biyu bond - shi ne su hulda da mai ruwa-ruwa bayani na potassium permanganate a acidic matsakaici.

Kamar yadda kayayyakin na wannan dauki ne sulfates kuma Organic samfurin. Yana reacts tare da wani oxidizing wakili da kuma wani halogen bayani - high quality mayar da martani ga alkenes. Hydrogenation ga waɗanda ba m, shi zai samu a sakamakon m zuwa iyakar hydrocarbon (alkane). Kamar yadda nauyin yanayi na percolation protrudes zazzabi, da kuma kara kuzari aikace-aikace.

Aiki alkenes ne mafi girma fiye da na paraffin. Dalilin shi ne samuwa tsakanin carbon atoms a biyu bond ba ma karfi shaidu.

A konewa na wani hydrocarbon CnH2n abun da ke ciki to yanayi oxygen an kiyaye rabuwa na ruwa tururi, carbon dioxide da kuma samuwar wani isasshen adadin zafi. Ingantaccen gwaje-gwaje za a iya amfani da su alkenes ware wadannan mahadi a tsakanin sauran abubuwa.

hydration dauki (Bugu da kari na ruwa) domin asymmetric alkenes faruwa bisa ga Markovnikov ta mulki. A cewar wannan shiga auku hydrogen zarra zuwa carbon, a cikin abin da yake kunshe da mafi yawan hydrogen. Hydroxide ion zai sa'an nan a haɗe zuwa carbon a biyu bond, inda ƙananan N.

A irin wannan inji da mulki alkenes amsa chemically da kwayoyin na hydrogen halides.

Interest ne na dauki Polymerization, sakamakon high kwayoyin nauyi mahadi suna kafa. Saboda haka, ta zabi a matsayin tushen ethylene monomer a Polymerization kara kuzari samar polyethylene wanda shi ne mai muhimmanci da albarkatun kasa domin sinadaran masana'antu.

jiki Properties

A farko wakilan da homologue jerin ethylene ne gaseous abubuwa, kusan odorless. Su ne talauci mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, mai narkewa a cikin kwayoyin mahadi. Akwai dangantaka ta kai tsaye tsakanin karuwa a cikin dangi kwayoyin nauyi da kuma tafasar da maki (narkewa batu), da miƙa mulki daga gaseous ga ruwa jiha, a m jihar na tari.

ƙarshe

Ina wakilan unsaturated hydrocarbons ethylene jerin? Ethylene ne mai muhimmanci da albarkatun kasa domin sinadaran samar. Daga wannan shi zai iya samu styrene, vinyl chloride, ethanol, acetic aldehyde, acid, da kuma dichloroethane. A Polymerization na alkenes kafa polyvinylacetate, lubricants, rubbers. A kan talakawan, da duniya samar da polyethylene ne miliyan 100 ton a kowace shekara. A cikin masana'antu kundin da ake bukata domin propylene polymer kira. Bugu da ƙari kuma, propene ne feedstock ga yi na oxide, isopropanol, cumene, butyraldehyde, glycerol.

Butins kullum da shi da ake bukata don ƙirƙirar polyisobutylene, methyl ethyl ketone, butyl roba, isoprene. Isobutylene ne mai kyau sinadaran raw kayan a yi na manyan butanol, butyl roba da kuma isoprene. Yana isobutylene ake bukata domin alkylation na phenols a samar da surfactants. Copolymers da butenes aka yi amfani a matsayin sealant da man shafawa. Baya Higher unsaturated hydrocarbons ethylene jerin suna amfani ba kawai a samar da polymeric kayan, amma kuma a samar da hakan kwayoyin alcohols.