Golden algae: iri da lakabobi

Golden algae Division (photos, bayani dalla-dalla da kuma kwatancin da mutum jinsunan za a iya samu a cikin wannan labarin) da aka sani, watakila, mafi yawa kawai ilmin halitta. Duk da haka, ta wakilan wasa mai da muhimmanci sosai rawar a yanayi. Golden algae - daya daga cikin tsofaffin kungiyoyin na algae. Kakanninsu suka primary amoeboid kwayoyin. Golden algae ne kama da rawaya-kore, da kuma diatomaceous partially ruwan kasa algae daukar ma'aikata pigments, gaban silicon a cikin cell membranes, da abun da ke ciki na ajiya abubuwa. Akwai dalilin yi imani da cewa su ne magabatan diatoms. Duk da haka, wannan zato ba za a dauke da cikakken tabbatar da haka.

Golden algae Division: general halaye

Mu ne sha'awar shuke-shuke da babba morphological bambancin. Golden algae (photo na sa zayyana a sama) su ne biyu unicellular da kwayar, mulkin mallaka. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin zinariya algae da sosai peculiar wakilin. Multicore thallium ya ke tsirara Plasmodium. Saboda haka, sosai bambancin zinariya algae.

A tsarin da Kwayoyin daga wadannan kwayoyin ne halin gaban daban-daban yawa na flagella. Adadin su dogara da irin. Yawancin lokaci guda biyu na su, amma ya kamata a lura da cewa a wasu jinsunan, akwai uku zinariya algae flagellum. Na uku, gyarawa, located tsakanin biyu m. Ya kira gantonemoy kuma halin da tsawo a karshen. Gantonemy alama ne cewa tantanin halitta tare da shi haɗe zuwa substrate.

launi

Golden algae - an rabu, wanda ya hada da yafi microscopic jinsunan. Su chloroplast yawanci zinariya-yellow launi. Na wasiƙa pigments chlorophyll A. Bugu da kari, chlorophyll da aka gano E, kazalika da yawa carotenoids, ciki har da wani yawan carotene kuma xanthophylls, yafi staphylococcus fucoxanthin. Canza launi wakilan da Sashen ban sha'awa mana iya samun launi daban-daban, dangane da predominance na daya ko wasu daga cikin wadannan pigments. Yana iya zama daga greenish-kasa-kasa da kuma greenish-rawaya zuwa wani m zinariya-rawaya.

Darajar da haifuwa

Golden algae jinsunan wanda ne yalwatacce - shi phototrophic kwayoyin. Su muhimmanci da ya ta'allaka da yafi, a cikin halittar farko samarwa tafkunan. Bugu da kari, suna da hannu a cikin wadata sarkar na daban-daban na cikin ruwa kwayoyin, ciki har da kifi, zinariya algae. Nau'in inganta su gas gwamnatin daban-daban kududdufai inda suka girma. sun kuma samar adibas na sapropel.

Division Golden algae waddan ta wakilan halin da sauki cell division, kazalika da irin yadda lalata thallus ko kwayar mazauna cikin mutum sassa. Academic aka sani, kuma jima'i tsari, wanda shi ne wani hali autogamy, hologamiyu ko isogamy. A sakamakon haifuwa aiwatar bayyana na ciki siliceous cysts, iri dabam-dabam a cikin tushe kamar yanayin da sculpting harsashi. Wadannan cysts da wani muhimmin aiki - da suka taimaka da algae to tsira m yanayi.

Rarraba zinariya algae

Golden algae baza a ko'ina cikin duniya. Amma mafi sau da yawa da suka girma a temperate latitudes. Wadannan shuke-shuke rayuwa, yafi a sabo ruwaye. Golden algae ne musamman na kowa a sphagnum bogs tare acid ruwaye. A kananan yawan wadannan kwayoyin zauna da gishiri da tabkuna da kuma tekuna. A najasa ruwa ne da yawa rarer. Kamar yadda a gona, su ne kawai 'yan jinsin zauna a cikinsu.

Golden algae Division hada da wakilan da dama azuzuwan. Kasa mu fayyace wasu daga cikinsu.

aji Hrizokapsovye

Its wakilan ne halin da ciwon hadaddun thallus wanda yana dauke da mucosa tsarin. Hrizokapsovye mulkin mallaka siffofin sun hada da, har yanzu passively iyo ko a haɗe. Kwayoyin na wadannan kwayoyin ba su da flagella, ko surface protrusions. Suna hade a cikin daya kowa slime mazauna, kwance kullum a gefe yadudduka, amma zai iya zama a cikin tsakiyar rabo.

aji Hrizotrihovye

Wannan aji hada da zinariya algae, da ciwon wani farantin-kamar, kuma filamentous raznonitchatuyu tsarin. Duk wadannan kwayoyin ne kwayar, benthic yawanci a haɗe. Tull sun gabatar branched ko sauki, guda ko Multi-jere yarns, discoid platelets parenchymal ko bushes. A general suka ba su nutsa slime.

A wannan aji tare da nunawa ruwa tare, marine da ruwan zartsi kasa. Hrizotrihovye ne mafi sosai shirya rukuni na kwayoyin dukkan zinariya algae. Its mambobi ne irin wannan a cikin bayyanar to ulotriksovymi na ga sashen na kore algae, kazalika da geterotriksovymi na sashen da kuma rawaya-kore algae. Wasu wakilan hrizotrihovyh kama wasu daga cikin mafi kawai shirya kelp.

aji Hrizosferovye

Don wannan aji ne da mulkin zinariya algae, wanda shi ne coccoid jiki tsari. Kwayoyin na wadannan kwayoyin an rufe tare da wani cellulose membrane. Plaits da rhizopoda wakilan wannan aji ne gaba daya fakowa ba. Wadannan shuke-shuke suna unicellular, m. Kadan na kowa mulkin mallaka siffofin, wanda suke clumps na sel, loosely da alaka da masu niyyar baftisma cikin jimlar slime. Ba su samar da filaments ko platelets a lokacin haifuwa.

aji Hrizofitsievye

A wannan aji suna da ha zinariya algae, da ciwon daban-daban na kungiyar na thallus. Wannan na'urar ne gammonsa, bisa ga abin da wadannan umarni ake kasaftawa ga wannan aji: rizohrizidalnye (da ciwon rizopodialnuyu tsarin) hrizomonadalnye (mopadnye form) hrizokapsalnye (palmelloidnye form) feotamnialnye (filamentous) da kuma hrizosferalnye (coccoid form). Mun bayar da ku don samun matsahi na saba da mutum umarni da wannan aji.

Hrizomonadalnye (in ba haka ba - hromulinalnye)

Wannan shi ne mafi m hanya, hada zinariya algae da ciwon monadic tsarin kamar yadda mulkin mallaka da kuma unicellular. Systematics chrysomonads dogara ne a kan tsari da kuma yawan flagella. Na musamman muhimmancin yanayi ne na su cell zanen gado. Akwai siffofin daya da kuma biflagellate. A baya can shi aka yi imani da cewa mafi m tushen ne wato na farko. Duk da haka, na'urar hange taimake masana kimiyya samu cewa wai odnozhgutikovyh siffofin gabatar na biyu a kaikaice flagellum kananan. Da masu bincike hypothesized cewa baseline iya zama biflagellate chrysomonads da ciwon heteromorphic geterokontnye da flagella da odnozhgutikovye siffofin ne sakamakon da m akan rage a takaice kayan doki.

Amma ga cell rufe hrizomonadalnyh wakilan, su ne daban-daban. Akwai tsirara tsari, saka kawai jini membrane. Sauran iri Kwayoyin suna kewaye a cikin wani musamman cellulose gidaje. A kan plasmalemma uku cover aka hada da silicified ma'auni.

Amfani da cell division yi chrysomonads haifuwa tsari. A wasu jinsunan akwai kuma jima'i tsari.

Ya kamata a lura cewa chrysomonads - yana da mafi yawa ruwa tare kwayoyin. Mafi sau da yawa an same su a cikin sarari ruwaye. Chrysomonads yawanci faruwa a lokacin sanyi kakar, marigayi kaka da farkon spring. Wasu kwayoyin rayuwa karkashin kankara a hunturu. Duk da haka, kamar yadda masana kimiyya sun samu, a gare su shi ne ba da muhimmanci da ruwa zazzabi. Yana yana da kawai wani kai tsaye ba darajar. A sunadarai na ruwa ne mai muhimmanci factor. A ko'ina cikin shekara an canza a cikin ruwa a lokacin sanyi kakar a sakamakon rashin sauran shuke-shuke dauke da karin nitrogen, da baƙin ƙarfe. Mai chrysomonads zaune a plankton. Suna da musamman shirye-shirye domin gudanar da planktonic salon. Wasu wakilan chrysomonads stained ruwa a ruwan kasa launi, suna ɓuɓɓugar da shi "Bloom".

Mun bayar da ku don samun matsahi na saba da iyali Ohromonadovye cewa an sanya wa wannan fassara.

iyali Ohromonadovye

Mun ci gaba da za a duba sashen ta zinariya algae. Members na iyali Ohromonadovye - daban-daban tsirara form. Su Kwayoyin suna rufe kawai cytoplasmic membrane da ciwon daya ko biyu flagella (unequal).

Rhode Ohromonas

Algae wannan irin ayan rayuwa a cikin neuston ko ruwa tare plankton. Kadan fiye, an same su a cikin ruwan zartsi ruwan. Wannan HALITTAR aka wakilta guda cell na zinariya launi, da ciwon biyu heteromorphic da geterokontnyh flagellum. Ohromonas - danda cell, saka kawai a waje na cytoplasmic membrane. A cytoskeleton aka hada da microtubules zubar peripherally goyon bayan ta teardrop siffar. A tsakiyar wannan wata cell yana da wani tsakiya. An kewaye da makaman nukiliya ambulan kunsha na biyu membranes.

Farantin chromatophores (akwai biyu) ana saka a fadada, wanda shi ne yanzu tsakanin membranes na nukiliya ambulan. A ultrastructure na su ne na hali na sashen abin da suka rababbe. Major hrizolaminarinom da vacuole located a raya na cell. A mitochondria suna warwatse a cikin cytoplasm, golgi inji shi ne a gaban irin wannan cell. Daga ta ƙarshen gaban tashi flagella. Biyu daga gare su, ba su da wannan tsawon.

G. Buck nazarin asalin mastigonemes da kudin tsarin a Ochromonas Danica (zinariya algae). Hotuna da sunayen taimake ganin wadannan ko wasu daban na kwayoyin. A cikin hoto sama - algae Ochromonas Danica. Wannan irin ne mai sauki domin sanin abin da ƙarfafa muhimmancin mastigonemes. Gaskiyar cewa ta Kwayoyin suna da daya ban sha'awa alama - su iya rasa su flagella, sa'an nan kuma sake samar da su. Yana ba ka damar gano da kayan a daban-daban matakai na farfadowa daga cikin flagellar na'ura.

Rhode Mallomonas

Its mambobi yawanci rayuwa a cikin ruwa tare plankton. Wannan tseren ne arziki a jinsin. Sel daga cikin wakilan bambanta a siffar. Suna rufe bristles ko Sikeli silicified ma'auni. Mallomonas caudata (hoton sama) - daya daga cikin mafi girma daga cikin jinsin wakilan wannan irin. Domin shi ne aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki, ultrastructure ciki bristles flakes da cell abinda ke ciki, kazalika da ginshikai na da samuwar, saki da kuma m shaida a kan su cell surface. Duk da haka, irin wannan nazarin ne har yanzu in mun gwada yan.

A takaice bayyana flagella na wakilin HALITTAR Mallomonas kamar yadda M. caudata. Suna da biyu, amma bambanci daya ne kawai a wani Tantancewar hange. Wannan flagellum yana da wata al'ada tsari. Ya na da 2 layuka na gashi-mastigonemes. A cikin haske microscope indistinguishable biyu flagellum, wanda protrudes a takaice nisa daga cell. Sikeli cover boyewa shi.

Rhode Sinura

Wannan HALITTAR ne halin da ellipsoidal ko siffar zobe mazauna kunshi pear-dimbin yawa Kwayoyin. A cikin cibiyar na mallaka sun gama duwawunsu, wani lokacin mai tsawo. Daga cikin cytoplasmic membrane waje da cell ado silicified ma'auni. Wadannan ma'aunan suna shirya spirally, sun zoba imbricated. Ultrastructure da kuma nau'i na wadannan Sikeli, kazalika a mallomonas ne na girma taxonomic muhimmanci. Alal misali, wani wakilin kamar S. sphagnicola (hoton sama), dauke a giciye-sashe muhimmi farantin ne lebur, Ina nufin yana da wani uniform kauri. Kananan perforations shiga ta. Apical ya thickened baki a gaban baki. Basal baki yayin lankwasa. Ya aka kewaye da muhimmi lamina, forming wani abu kamar wani sashi a cikin wannan zinariya algae. membobinta da m karu, lankwasa waje. An a haɗe a nesa daga gaban gefen farantin. Shi ne lokaci ne a karkashi.

Amma ga sauran mambobi ne na sashen, kamar yadda na zinariya algae, tsarin na da Sikeli kadan mafi rikitarwa. Wannan ya shafi musamman zuwa S. petersonii. Finely perforated kan muhimmi lamina a cikin wannan jinsin ne da tsakiya kunya (m). Ya apical, m ko nuna. End shi iya mika hayin gaban gefen Sikeli, haka simulating da karu. Major ta lokaci located in da tsakiya kunya a gaba, na daga shi. A muhimmi karshen Sikeli sun himmantu kamar kofaton. Ya hovers jikin ta. Gaba da raya Sikeli wanda rufe da cell jiki, da mai gangara hakarkarinsa, wanda mika daga tsakiya kunya. Bugu da kari ga mai gangara tsakãtsaki ce ma da a tsaye hakarkarinsa. A kan salula sikelin shi ne ba lebur, da kuma a haɗe, a fili, kawai kishiyar karshen kashin baya. A S. sphagnicola (hoton sama) profiles na jiki Sikeli iya zama a cikin cytoplasmic vesicles, yafi located a kusa da matsanancin surface na chloroplast, ko da yake sun iya faruwa tsakanin shi da vesicles da hrizolaminarinom.

Group Kok-kolitoforid

Golden algae jinsin da kuma sunayen da muka yi nazarin suna da yawa. Daga cikin su shi ne na musamman kungiyar - da dafa-kolitoforid. Its wakilan suna da nasu halayyar fasali. Pellicle suka kewaye waje coccoliths ƙarin Layer (abin da ake kira zagaye calcareous corpuscles). An same su a cikin gamsai, wanda allocates wani protoplast.

aji Gaptofitsievye

Wannan ajin da aka zaba da farko a kan tsarin da monadic Kwayoyin cewa da gaptonemoy kuma flagella. A tsarin wannan aji ya hada da uku umarni na girma. La'akari da daya daga cikin su.

The domin primiezialnye

Ya aka yawanci halin da biyu isomorphic da izokontnymi flagella, kazalika da dogon gaptonemoy. Located a kan waje surface na plasmalemma na sel mai rufi ko ba-mineralized kwayoyin flake-coccoliths jiki (lemun tsami), wanda tare da nunawa kokkosferu a kusa da cell.

Daya daga cikin iyalan domin - Prymnesiaceae. Kamar yadda a cikin sabo ruwa da kuma tekuna yana dauke da related HALITTAR Hrizohromulina cikinta. M, ko siffar zobe Kwayoyin tare da biyu santsi flagella na daidaita tsawon kuma gaptonemoy rufe waje da cytoplasmic membrane na ba-mineralized kwayoyin ma'auni. A karshen yawanci na biyu iri daban-daban. Sun bambanta a siffar da kuma ko size.

Alal misali, Chrysochromulina birgeri akwai iri biyu Sikeli wanda rufe jikin ta. Sun bambanta kawai a size. Wadannan ma'aunan an hada da m faranti, da jawo wanda yake shi ne radial ridges. Akwai ma biyu tsakiyar protrusion bayar a cikin nau'i na ƙahoni. Cell surface a cikin wasu nau'in rufe da Sikeli, wanda suke morphologically daban-daban, fiye ko žasa gunaguni ƙwarai. Alal misali, wani lebur, taso keya ciki Sikeli a Ch. cyanophora da bakin ciki concentric ridges. Su zoba, forming wani akwatin a kusa da keji. Yawancin lokaci da suka boye da yawa cylindrical Sikeli, located waje.

Iri biyu Sikeli akwai kuma a Ch. megacyiindra - wannan Silinda da farantin. A cylinders an ko'ina rarraba a kusa da keji. Kowace daga cikinsu a haɗe zuwa ta ƙananan karshen muhimmi farantin. Bangarorin na wadannan cylinders kusan taba juna. A karkashin su yi lebur Sikeli tare da bakuna, forming wani jam'i na yadudduka.

Iri uku Sikeli lura a Ch. chiton. Su tsari ne halin da shida manyan ba tare da baki ne a kusa da daya, da manyan da baki. A gibba tsakanin su suna cike mafi kananan flakes.

A ƙarshe, wani taƙaitaccen look at wani iyali.

iyali Kokkolitoforidovye

Wannan ya hada da yafi marine jinsunan. A togiya ne gimenomonas - ruwa tare HALITTAR. Monadic sel da 'yan uwa da biyu m flagellum. Gaptonema da suka saba gani quite da kyau. Duk da haka, a yawan coccolithophorids ta fili rage. Ga misali, an ba lura a N. coronate.

Kwayoyin na 'yan uwa a cikin tsarin ba ya bambanta daga sauran Kwayoyin gaptofitsievyh. Bã su da wani tsakiya da kuma chloroplast, wanda aka kewaye da endoplasmic reticulum. Sun ƙunshi trehtilakoidnye lamellae, ba tare da wani abin ɗamara lamella. A cikin cell a can da kuma pyrenoids. Guda biyu thylakoids haye shi. Har ila yau, yanzu mitochondria, Golgi na'ura , da kuma sauransu. Tare da girmamawa ga cell takardar, an located waje na cytoplasmic membrane. Coccoliths - flakes impregnated carbonate na wanda ya kunshi. Coccoliths tare da nunawa kokkosferu a kusa da cell. Wasu siffofin da ba mineralized kwayoyin flakes baya daga gare su.

Coccoliths da kuma rubuce-rubuce alli

The asalin rubuce-rubuce alli, saba wa dukan mu, yana da ban sha'awa. Lokacin da kyan gani, a karkashin wani microscope, idan ba ƙwarai kara girma da image, masu bincike yawanci kama da ido na foraminifera bawo. Duk da haka, a mafi girma magnification bayyana a jam'i na m faranti wadda da wani asali. Da darajar ne kasa da 10 microns. Wadannan faranti ne coccoliths da kuma wakiltar wani barbashi harsashi coccolithophorids algae. Yin amfani da wani na'urar hange yarda masana kimiyya domin sanin cewa coccoliths da su, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa sa up 95% na Cretaceous kankara. Wadannan ban sha'awa Ilimi a halin yanzu karatu cikin sharuddan ultrastructure. Bugu da kari, masana kimiyya ya shaide su Farawa.

Saboda haka, za mu takaice ta dauki Golden algae Division. Azuzuwan da kuma memba shi aka bayyana da mu. Hakika, mun yi magana ne kawai na wasu iri, amma wannan shi ne isa ya sa a general ra'ayin sashen na amfani a gare mu. Yanzu za ka iya amsa tambaya: "Golden algae - abin da yake da shi?"