Subculture "hackers": siffofin da kuma tarihin

A nuna na XX-XXI ƙarni, Adam ya wuce ta hanyar wani m juyin juya halin a filin taro sadarwa. Halittar World Wide Web da gudummawar da zargin da irin wannan musamman sabon abu a matsayin internet sarari. A ci gaba da wata sabuwar fasahar da ya kai ga zargin wani musamman subculture na hackers, masana tsunduma a cikin raya kasa, nazari da kuma aiwatar da kwamfuta bidi'a.

A tarihin abin da ya faru

Don kwanan wata, bayanai ne ba kawai fahimi aiki, amma kuma shi ne mai iko da makami na magudi, a hanya don cimma wani manufa. Tare da girma da muhimmancin da Internet a rayuwar mutãne duka akwai mutanen da suke neman zurfi da kuma mafi musamman don gane fasaha al'amurran da suka shafi da kuma shirye-shirye Hidden World Wide Web damar.

Don gane da kwallaye da kuma manufofin da wannan zamantakewa kungiyar, su fara fahimta more, cewa shi ne mai subculture na "hackers". A takaice dai amsar wannan tambaya ba da sauki, domin su al'umma ne quite musamman da aka rufe da rinjaye. Ko da yake wannan sabon abu ne ba haka ba sabon, tun farkon zamanin kimiyya da bincike sun kasance kullum mutane suka nemi su zama majagaba a sami sababbin harkokin fasaha da hanyoyi na m aikace-aikace.

Subculture na "hackers", da shekara na kungiyar wanda yake da wuya sosai ga sunan, ya fito a matsayin mai ƙunci daga al'umma daga jagorancin Figures neman zuwa mafi sani da kuma fahimta da tsarin, don su iya canza shi da kuma sarrafa shi. A cikin shekaru 80 na karni na ashirin, masu shirye-shirye samu Yunƙurin na motsi, da aikin da aka yi niyya da kafa da kuma kyautata sababbin hanyoyin fasaha. Mutane da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance real masu goyon baya, ciyar free internet da kuma duniya damar yin amfani da duk albarkatun.

Duk da haka, tare da ci gaban da kafofin watsa labarai ta rawa wajen zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da kuma rayuwar siyasa na kasar, tare da zuwan Unlimited damar a Internet sarari, da kuma canja yanayin yadda ake gudanar da shirye-shirye. Ya fara da zamanin online zamba, cyber kai hare-hare da kuma ta'addanci.

definition

Zuwan sirri kwamfutar da aka fara da batu na abin da ya faru na motsi, wanda yanzu za a iya kira "matasa subculture" hackers "." Fassarar wannan definition da Turanci yana da wani analogues a Rasha harshen, da fi'ili a hack a cikin saba ji yana nufin "to sara", "yanyanke", kamar yadda amfani da filin da bayanai fasahar - "hack da tsarin" ko "facin da shi." A duk ya dogara a kan shugabanci na ayyuka.

Akwai da dama fahimtar abin da ya ƙunshi wani subculture na "hackers". A Turanci kamar yadda a Rasha, kalmar na da yawa ma'ana, kuma su yi tunani daya ko wani gefe na ƙayyadaddu aikinsu. A general definition za a iya takaitashi a matsayin haka:

• wani mutum kwashe jin dadin nazarin software tsarin aka gyara.
• nẽmi gano matsakaicin fasaha damar.
• wani wanda shi ne gwani da kuma m, a aikinsu.
• m samun amsoshin matsalar na fasaha tsarin.

Abin baƙin ciki, a 'yan shekarun nan, matasa subculture "hackers", ana riskarsa kamar wata al'umma daga laifi, extracting sirri bayanai ko sata kudi daga asusun na mutane. Crackers (don haka ya kira unscrupulous shirye-shirye) yi mai yawa fiye da, ma mai girma, wata fitina sauri da kuma sauki kudi.

iri

Duk da dissimilarity na ci gaba da aiwatar a kwatanta da sauran al'adun-strata al'umma, subculture "gwanin kwamfuta" yana da dukan alamu na zamantakewa bambantawa, yana da hadisai, harshe da kuma salon na hali, da manifesto da kansa akidar. Saboda haka, Eric Raymond, shirye-shiryen da kuma himmar aiki, kuma an harhada da edited Encyclopaedia wanda littafi da ya ƙunshi dukkan bayanai game da su musamman irin harshe na dabam.

A cikin wannan yanayi, akwai bayyananne tsarin, Cracker matsayi dogara a kan ta suna, da kimantawa iya kawai za a yarda da shi daidai ko fiye m sadarwarka. Yawancin lokaci da suka bambanta dangane da sabubban aiki: abin da ake kira Black hat kuma White hat. "White hat" an binciko tsarin, gano kasawan da m kawar da matsalar, yayin da "black hat" ko crackers, yi gwanin kwamfuta harin, sace bayanai ko tsabar kudi, da kuma tsunduma a cikin halittar qeta shirye-shirye - ƙwayoyin cuta.

A karshen ne, bãbu wasu fiye da yadda talakawa laifi, kawai canza yanayi da kuma hanyoyin da za a yi sata. A lokacin, a duk duniya kasashen da nema m punitive matakai a kan irin wannan mutum ya.

ji Features

A farkon shekara ta ashirin da arni na farko, akwai kimiyya da ayyuka da nufin nazarin abin da yake a subculture na "hackers". A takaice game da su zai iya ce da wadannan: A binciken da mayar da hankali a kan matsalar na gano wani sabon zamanin high fasahar, sakamakon wannan al'ada a kan al'umma da kuma matasa. Wannan sha'awa ne ba ta hanyar kwatsam, mafi matasa gane ta hackers a matsayin irin fashi, heroes, daya Flick daga cikin wuyan hannu zai iya yin wani abu baba misali.

The duniya da fasaha - m rufaffiyar tsarin, da karin cewa terminology da kuma salon sadarwa tsarin aiki ne ba samuwa ga fahimtar talakawa mutane. Saboda haka, jama'a ya gabatar da su a kan tushen da stereotypes game da abin da yake a subculture na "hackers". Tufafi, hairstyles, hanyar magana da su wasu halaye ake sanar da mu ne kawai yanaye, sabili da haka, an haife mafi m ƙirƙirãwa.

A view of yawa shirye-shiryen - shi ne mai irin mummuna, unkempt saurayi, budurwa da wani mai rasa a hakikanin rai, duk rana na aiki a kan kwamfuta. Ikonsa da ilmi da aka mayar da hankali a dijital duniya, inda ya iya zama mai girma hangen nesa, kuma mai girma zamba.

The Internet a matsayin zamantakewa yanayi

Subculture "hackers" ya fara rayayye ci gaba da kuma samar da nasu ka'idojin tare da fitowan da kuma duniya baza na World Wide Web. A Sanadin wannan sabon abu ne tattalin arziki, siyasa da kuma zamantakewa hali. Ga mutane da yawa, da Internet ya zama wurin da za ka iya nuna basira, yin rayuwa da kuma samun kai-shiba.

Idan a alfijir na kwakwalwa acikinsa yi aiki a kan inganta da ƙato kwamfuta, sa'an nan a karshen XX - farkon XXI karni. da ayyukan suna da cikakken mayar da su cikin rumfa duniya. Yanzu akwai wani subculture na "hackers", da kuma cikin wakilan aiki tare da manyan yawa na bayanai da kuma ilimi albarkatun, da kuma rayayye amfani da Internet sarari ga bukatun su.

The World Wide Web an ƙara zama kama da zamantakewa gaskiya. A nan akwai siyasa, tattalin arziki, shari'a da kuma ruhaniya duniyoyin inda mutane samun bayanai, har ma aiki. A kowace shekara, a rumfa gaskiya a bayansa da tare da sabon mutane da kuma yi na'am da a kan wani m yanayin baza.

darajar wasu rubuce

Wannan al'umma ne quite fragmented kuma, mafi muhimmanci, conspiratorial. Su taken, dokoki da dokokin ba su nauyin, amma wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu ya zama janar ka'idodin da motsi. Darajar da wasu rubuce da aka tsara na farko ideologists Steven Levy, L. Blankenship, E. Raymond, babban arziki da wanda ake ciyar, ya kuma nemi da subculture na "hackers", karanta kamar haka:

• Unlimited damar zuwa kwakwalwa.
• Free bayanai a kan yanar gizo.
• gwagwarmaya don kula daga daya tsakiyar wuri.
• rashin tunani ga launin fata da kuma addini.
• da'awarsu, a kaikaice tunani.
• saki shirye-shirye samuwa ga duk.
• taimako ga masu bukata na goyon bayan.
• canja wuri da ilmi da basira.
• Computers iya canza rayuwa ga mafi alhẽri.

Mutane da yawa kalamai echoed taken hippies, yana shelar zaman lafiya da 'yanci a ko'ina. Amma shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa wasu sanannun masu shirye-shirye da gaske bi zuwa wadannan sharudda, don haka da cewa Linus Torvalds ci gaba da free Linux aiki tsarin, kamar yadda Richard Stallman kusan rabin ransa kishin gabatarwa da ra'ayin free software. A Network iya sau da yawa a samu farfaganda takardun da photos na hackers: asalin manifesto, posters, mujallu, da kuma sauran bayanai.

Salon, fashion style

Idan matsakaici Frames, mai motsa rai, hippies da sauransu. D. Style tufafi ne mai muhimmanci bambance factor, yanayin na magana, saita wasu alamu na ganewa tsakanin software masana. Babban abu - shi ne samun sirri suna, domin kowa da kowa yana so ya nuna su individuality kuma kada ku a game da stereotype ko fashion.

Mafi yawan lokaci da suke ciyarwa, a cikin rumfa duniya, wanda ƙwarai shafi bayyanar da halaye na mutanen da suka gane kansu a matsayin mabiya da al'umma, ake magana a kai a matsayin "subculture na hackers." Dress code yayi dace da wani yawan ka'idojin - saukaka, 'yanci da kuma aminci. Saboda haka, to ware wasu na musamman, daki-daki, jaddada mutum ta na ga wannan al'umma, bisa manufa, ba zai yiwu ba.

Wa anda suke so su jawo hankalin da hankali, sau da yawa amfani shirts da Catchy taken ko hotuna. Mafi sau da yawa sun dauke da wani ra'ayin, wanda bãyukansu ga subculture na hackers. tufafin ba nanata nuances na aiki, amma a maimakon haka, ya sa da gwanin kwamfuta talakawa mutum.

sadarwa Features

Duk da stereotype cewa mafi yawan lokaci burglars aimlessly a kwamfuta allo, wannan shi ne wani sosai-karanta da kuma ilimi da mutane. A da'irar maslahar su ne m, amma aka fi dangantawa da kimiyya da kuma fasaha wallafe-wallafe. A cikin wannan yanayi, akwai wani musamman al'adar gudanar da tattaunawa. Subculture na "hackers", a cikin harshen Turanci ma'ana "yanka daya", "sara", ta gabatar da yin amfani da kawai bayyanannu cikin wakilan terminology, phrases, maganganu da hoto alamomin.

A cikin wannan yanayi, shi ne gaye zuwa da wani ƙarin aiki ko sha'awa, wani lokacin matuƙa, daban-daban daga aiki ayyuka: music, wasan kwaikwayo, kwamfuta wasanni, rediyo, zane na inji ko na'urorin amfani.

Subculture na hackers, kuma da fasali ana kuma bayyana da misali na sadarwa da juna da kuma da sauran mutane. Psychologists nazarin hali dabiu na sana'a, ya lura da wasu na kowa halaye ga mafi yawansu: kusan dukkan su suna rufe wajen rayuwa a cikin nasu duniya, da kuma saboda mutane suna sosai tanada, da wuya za a iya fahimta da kuma raba wani tunanin Jihar wani mutum.

mutum siffofin

Matasa tsarin hackers suke da wuya sosai don yin karatu, ta wakilan - individualists da yanayi, suna kokarin samar da nasu ra'ayoyi kan rayuwa, su ne da wuya magana zuwa wani tasirin. Mafi yawan waɗannan mutane da kyau sosai da ilimi, da kuma yanayin da fasahohin sosai daban-daban daga masana ilimin harsuna zuwa lissafi. Kuma dalilin da suke sha'awa high fasahar sau da yawa zama rashin biyan bukata da ilimin da suka samu, da search for unconventional mafita ga matsalolin.

Bayani dalla-dalla na aikin bukatar da shirye-shiryen zuwa ba kawai high da hankali, amma kuma mai kyau memory - ikon da sauri adana da kuma dawo da wani ilmi idan ya cancanta. A karfi tutu su ne kudi da kuma fitarwa, amma mafi yawansu duk so ne samar da mafita ga hadaddun da ban sha'awa ayyuka.

aiki musamman

IT-fasahar gwani ba za a iya kira, duk wanda ya wadãtu da kansa a connoisseur na da kyau kwamfuta tsarin. Wadannan mutane ne gaskiya kwararru a fannin su, kuma suna yin zama dole yiwuwa ga shekaru. Details aikinsu ne mai wuya a sami, sun fi mayar saboda wahala da fahimtar uninitiated mutane, kazalika saboda da halin asiri na wasu ayyukan.

Hackers-celebrities - Kevin Poulsen, Kevin Mitnick, Dzhulian Assanzh da kuma Chris Kasperki - bayan kammala wani aiki hackers shirye ya raba tare da jama'a su ilmi da kwarewa, kokarin yi gargaɗi matasa da kuskure da kuma laifi motsa. Wannan motsi kafa halitta na musamman xa'a da ka'idodinta "kasada da kuma samu" (ko "yi wani lahani"). Abin baƙin ciki, da sabon ƙarni na shirye-shirye - sau da yawa kai sanar, wanda ya zo a cikin wani fatauci domin saurin kudi ko karfi ɗaukaka.

Mutane da yawa manyan kungiyoyi suna yin jihãdi ga zama a cikin jihar ko daga jiha ma'aikaci kamar babu tattalin arziki, siyasa, ko kuma al'adu aiki a yau shi ne ba zai yiwu ba tare da yin amfani da high fasahar.

Matsaloli tare da dokar

By al'umma da kuma jihar ya ɓullo da wani sosai saukin ganewa kima na kwararru a babban fasaha, sau da yawa sosai mambobi ne na fraternity dauke m laifi. Ko da yake karshen yana da muhawara, bisa ga abin da sauran kwamfuta albarkatun ba su dauke waje dukiya. Saboda haka, kowace} asa kokarin tunani a hankali da kuma tsara doka azãba tsarin.

A Rasha domin cybercrime bayar da dama articles, ciki har da zamba, rarraba batsa, ba bisa doka ba damar, ko da halittar kuma da gabatarwar malware.

periodicity

Ƙarni da dama daga cikin gwanin kwamfuta motsi za a iya bambanta, ba shakka, kawai "fari" gwagwarmaya ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi:

• majagaba na al'umma aiki don ƙirƙirar kwakwalwa, waɗannan su ne ma'aikata na sarrafa kwamfuta cibiyoyin, masana da masu goyon baya na kokarin fahimtar da su mahaukaci, kuma m.
• a karshen 1970s suka rayayye saka a cikin yi, na sirri kwakwalwa, da ingantattun software.
• a 1980 da muka halitta dukkan muhimman shirye-shirye da kuma cibiyoyin sadarwa, kazalika a lokacin dabi'u tsara jagororin da kuma ka'idojin da ya kamata a bi.
• na yanzu ƙarni na hackers nasarar tasowa tasoshin yanar-gizon, na kokarin hana duniya iko a kan dukan Internet.

Saboda haka, ana iya lura da cewa, ci gaban wannan subculture faruwa a cikin tsarin na inganta fasahar kwamfuta, da wadannan biyu mamaki ne gaba daya m.

celebrities

Kamar yadda a wani al'ada, muhalli, da hackers da shugabanninsu, masana da Legends, ga rãyuwarsu da aikin zama kayan koyarwar ga sabon shiga. A alfijir na ci gaban fasahar kwamfuta ya koma cikin sha'awa na explorers, gano ra'ayoyin da Kasadar da sabon mafita.

Daya daga cikin na farko halitta na qeta cutar zama Robert Morris, a 1988, "Morris tsutsa" gurgunta aikin daruruwan kwakwalwa, da kuma daga baya ya yi wasiyya da wannan laifi. Tuni a cikin 2000s, Adrian Lamo ya samu nasarar samu wani kuskure a cikin tsaro tsarin manyan Internet kamfanonin, ko da yake da yawa har yanzu la'akari da shi mai girma PR gwani.

Makkinnon Geri ya fi scandalous Cracker da shekarun da suka gabata, ya gudanar ya karya a cikin tsarin, NASA da kuma Pentagon, shi ne kubutar da cewa ya so don samun bayanai game da voye facts da gwamnatin Amurka lamba tare da Extraterrestrial wayewar. Wannan al'umma ne fairly kunkuntar, duk Figures ne saba da juna, kuma za a iya samun wani hadin gwiwa photo na hackers a kan Internet.

Wasu daga cikin su sun sadaukar da rayukansu ba kawai ga shirye-shirye da matsaloli, da suka bayyana wani aiki zamantakewa matsayi ta hanyar social networks ko rubuce-rubuce. Julian The tausa shekaru goma da suka wuce wallafa wani littafi game da rayuwa da kuma aiki na hackers. Ya zama shahararren ga cewa fallasa top-m bayanai daga} asashe da dama a shafukan da ya halitta Wikileaks shafin.

scandals

A halin yanzu tsara tsinkayen hackers a matsayin fashi, daraja 'yan fashi, suna yaƙi da tsarin da kuma duniya mamayar. Abin baƙin ciki, a karkashin wannan manifesto wani lokacin boye mutane ba su kyautatawa nufi. A ake kira crackers ko yin qeta crackers, aikata a bangarori daban-daban na laifi aiki, daga sauki da zamba da kuma samun tallace bayanai up zuwa ga halaka dukan tsarin.

Sau da yawa sosai a tsakiyar babbar jama'a scandals ne kawai hackers: photos of celebrities a tsirara, fallasa da tarihin rayuwa da sanannun 'yan siyasa, jefa ƙarya bayanai a cikin cibiyar sadarwa - wannan shi ne wani bai cika jerin predatory ayyuka na unscrupulous developers. Yanzu kowa na lebe da labarin wani Rasha alama a batun zaben a Amurka. Ostensibly, mu kwararru a karkashin sunan gwamnati da ta tsoma baki a cikin zaben Amirka yaƙi da haka kai tsaye taimaki zaben na Donald trump. Babu shaidar ya zuwa yanzu an gabatar, amma abin kunya ya barke a duk faɗin duniya.

Images of art

Subculture "hackers" ne sosai musamman da ba ya shige cikin saba sharudda da kuma kima, to ku cika da cikakken mayar da martani ga wannan yunkuri na da wuya sosai, ko da yake yunkurin ruhi da zamantakewa da al'adu koyo faruwa akai-akai. Tasiri na al'umma ba iyakance ga Sphere na high fasahar, amma kuma a kan al'adu yanayi.

A litattafan da aka sani marubuta iya saduwa da wani irin theme, misali, a Vernor Vidzha "Zurfin sama" ko epigraph zuwa "Maze tunani" Sergei Lukianenko. Amma mafi sau da yawa da rabo daga shirye-shirye rubuta tsohon hackers, kamar Kris Kaspersky, Dzhulian Assanzh, Kevin Mitnick da Bryus Shnayer. A cikin sabubban wasu daga cikin ayyukan da aka daga baya sanya a cikin fina-finai, musamman rare ne "Network" da "Hackers", saki a 1995, "The Social Network", "The biyar Estate" kuma da yawa wasu. A Hollywood blockbuster a sãɓãwar launukansa digiri, ba kwamfuta networks shiga ba tare da izini ba batutuwa, magudi da talakawa masu amfani, da sauransu.

Hackers tsohon makaranta a yanzu ana tsunduma a tanadi batattu girma na al'umma, ya kira crackers, fashi, phishers da sauran maharan kowa laifi. Amma da "fari huluna" iya, kuma ya kamata aiki domin fadada ci gaba da kuma kyautata na dijital sarari.