Didactics a cikin koyarwa - menene wannan?

Didactics (daga Girkanci "didaktikos." - "koyarwa") shi ne wani reshe na pedagogical ilmi cewa karatu da matsaloli na horo da kuma ilimi (asali didactics category) a pedagogy. Didactics, pedagogy, Psychology suna da alaka da tarbiyya, ara juna ta na ra'ayi na'ura, bincike hanyoyin, ka'idodi, da dai sauransu Har ila yau yana da ƙayyadaddu didactics tushe na ilimi na musamman, da nufin aiwatar da horo da kuma ilimi na yara tare da na cin gaba munanan.

bambantawa na Concepts

Daya daga cikin key a cikin didactics ne manufar horo da kuma da aka gyara - rukunan da kuma koyarwa, kazalika da manufar ilimi. Babban rarrabẽwa ga bambantawa (kamar yadda ma'anar didactics a cikin koyarwa) ne rabo daga raga da wajen. Saboda haka, samuwar ne mai manufa wa'azi ne ma a wajen cimma wannan.

Bi da bi, da horo da ya hada da aka gyara irin koyarwa da kuma koyarwa. Koyar ne tsanaki jagora malami horo ayyuka na dalibai - da definition da ikon yinsa, da kuma abun ciki na aiki. The koyarwa tsari ne narkewa almajirin ilimi abun ciki. Yana hada duka biyu malami ayyuka (koyawa, dubawa) da kuma ayyukan da dalibai da kansu. A wannan ilmantarwa tsari zai iya faru duka a cikin nau'i na kai tsaye iko da malami (a cikin aji), kuma a cikin nau'i na kai-da ilimi.

babban ayyuka

A zamani didactics yanke shawarar ware wadannan ayyuka:

• humanization na ilmantarwa tsari,
• bambantawa da individualization na ilmantarwa tsari,
• ulla intersubject alaka tsakanin karatu batutuwa,
• samuwar fahimi aiki ƴan
• da ci gaban m,
• da samuwar halin kirki da kuma volitional halaye ne na hali.

Saboda haka, matsalar na didactics a cikin koyarwa za a iya raba biyu main kungiyoyin. A daya hannun, wannan aiki-daidaitacce bayanin da bayani na horo da kuma yanayi na da aiwatar tsari. a kan wasu - wajen samar da mafi kyau duka shiri na tsari, sabon horo tsarin da fasahar.

Ka'idojin didactics

A koyarwa, koyarwar ka'idojin shine su sanin ko abun ciki, ƙungiya siffofin da kuma hanyoyin da nazari daidai da dalilai da alamu na ilimi da kuma horo tsari.

Dalili na wadannan ka'idojin amfani ideas K. D. Ushinskogo, Ya. A. Komenskogo da sauransu. A wannan yanayin da muke magana na musamman game da kimiyya-tushen ideas cewa underpin didactics a cikin koyarwa. Alal misali, Ya. A. Komenskim aka tsara ta wurin da ake kira zinariya mulki didactics, bisa ga abin da ilmantarwa tsari kamata ya unsa duk gabobin da dalibi ji. Daga bisani, wannan ra'ayin ya zama daya daga cikin key, wanda 'didactics a cikin koyarwa. Ka'idodi:

• kimiyya,
• ƙarfi
• Rariyar (affordability)
• sani da aiki,
• dangantaka tsakanin ka'idar da yi,
• tsanaki da kuma jerin
• tsabta.

kimiyya manufa

Yana nufin a tasowa dalibai 'kimiyya da ilmi da hadaddun. Manufa aka aiwatar a cikin bincike na ilimi abu, ta asali ideas, wanda allocates didactics. A koyarwa, shi ne mai horo abu da ya gana da kimiyya sharudda, - da aminci a kan kafa facts, kasancewar kankare misalai da hujjõji na ra'ayi inji (kimiyya sharuddan).

da ƙarfin da manufa na

Wannan manufa ma ma'anar didactics a cikin koyarwa. Mene ne wannan? A daya hannun, da manufa ƙarfi saboda da manufofin da ma'aikata, a kan sauran - da dokoki na ilmantarwa tsari kanta. Domin goyon bayan a kan ilimin da suka samu, basira da kuma damar iya yin komai (Zun) a duk m matakai na horo, kazalika da m aikace-aikace wajibi ne don share su fahimta da kuma shafe tsawon riƙewa a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar.

Ka'idar amfani (affordability)

The girmamawa da yake a real yiwuwa na dalibai don kauce wa jiki da hankulansu obalodi. Gaza bada hašin tare da wannan manufa a cikin tsari na koyo, kamar yadda mai mulkin, a raguwa a dalibi dalili. Har ila yau shan wahala yi, wadda take kaiwa zuwa gajiya. A sauran matsananci - wuce kima simplification na karatu kaya, wanda kuma ba zai amfana wa tasiri koyo. Domin ta bangare, didactics a matsayin reshe na pedagogy ma'anar da manufa na kasancewa a matsayin hanyar daga sauki da hadaddun, daga sananne ne ga unknown, daga musamman ga general, da dai sauransu.

hanyoyin koyarwa, bisa ga gargajiya ka'idar L. S. Vygotskogo, kamata mayar da hankali a kan yankin na "proximal ci gaba", ci gaba da iko da kuma damar iya yin komai na yaro. A wasu kalmomin, da ilimi ya kamata kai da ci gaban da yaro. Haka kuma, wannan manufa na iya yi da kansa peculiarities a wasu pedagogical hanyoyin. Alal misali, a wasu tsarin samarwa koyo fara abu ne ba kusa, kuma tare da main, ba tare da mutum abubuwa, da kuma wa gininsu, da dai sauransu

sani da kuma aiki manufa

Ka'idojin didactics a cikin koyarwa da nufin ba kawai kai tsaye a kan ilmantarwa tsari da kanta, amma kuma a kan samuwar da ya dace dalibi hali. Saboda haka, ka'idar sani da kuma aiki ya shafi m aiki ji da dalibai na mamaki karatu, kazalika da su fahimta, m sake amfani da m aikace-aikace. Shi ne da farko game da aiki a kan aiwatar da kai-da ilmi samu maimakon a kan su al'ada ajiya. Don amfani da wannan manufa a cikin tsarin ilmantarwa ne yadu used hanyoyi daban-daban na stimulating da fahimi aiki na ƴan. Didactics, pedagogy, Psychology dole ne daidai da mayar da hankali a kan sirri da albarkatun da batun binciken, ciki har da m kuma heuristic damar.

A cewar manufar L. N. Zankova, hukunci a ilmantarwa tsari ne, a hannu daya, fassarar da dalibai ilimi a kan na ra'ayi matakin, da kuma a kan wasu - wani fahimtar darajar aiyuka ilmi database. Wajibi ne a Master wani musamman dabara na koyo da cewa, bi da bi, na bukatar wani babban matakin sani da kuma aiki na dalibai.

The manufa sadarwa ka'idar da yi

Daban-daban falsafancin yi ta dogon bayar da shawarar da rarrabẽwa, na gaskiya na ilimi da kuma tushen da fahimi aiki na magana. A wannan manufa mãla'iku da didactics. A koyarwa, shi ne ma'auni na da tasiri na ilimi samu daga dalibai. A mafi wannan ilmi aka bayyana a yi, da mafi maida bayyana sani na dalibai a cikin tsarin ilmantarwa, da girma da ban sha'awa a cikin tsari.

A manufa na tsanaki da kuma daidaito

Didactics a cikin koyarwa - shi ne da farko mayar da hankali a kan wani tsari na daukar kwayar cutar ilmi. A karkashin asali kimiyya tattalinsu, batun za a iya daukan mai shi daga cikin ingantaccen, real ilimi kawai a lokacin da shi ne ba a cikin zuciyar bayyananne hoto na kewaye da waje duniya a cikin wani nau'i na tsarin na juna Concepts.

Formation na tsarin ilimin kimiyya ya kamata faru a wannan tsari, ba da dabaru na ilimi abu, kazalika da fahimi damar iya yin komai na dalibai. gudun ilmantarwa tsari ne ragae saukar da yawa Rashin bin wannan manufa.

A qa'ida ta tsabta

Ya. A. Komensky rubuta cewa ilmantarwa tsari ya kamata a dogara ne a kan sirri kallo na dalibai da kuma su son sha'awa tsabta. A lokaci guda a matsayin didactic pedagogy sashe gano da dama na gani ayyuka bambanta dangane da ƙayyadaddu na wani mataki na nazari: Hoton iya zama wani abu na nazari, a matsayin goyon baya ga m sadarwa tsakanin mutum abu Properties (zane-zane, zane), da dai sauransu

Saboda haka, daidai da matakin na m tunani na dalibai da wadannan iri na gani (Nau'in T. I. Ilinoy):

• halitta tsabta (mayar da hankali kan batutuwa na yarda da zahirin gaskiya).
• Gwajin ganuwa (samunsa cikin gwaje-gwajen da gwaje-gwajen).
• juz'i na gani (amfani da model, shimfidu, daban-daban siffofi, da dai sauransu).
• pictorial tsabta (da za'ayi ta hanyar zane-zane, da zane-zanen da hotunan).
• sauti-pictorial tsabta (ta hanyar film da kuma TV guda).
• m da aka zana na gani (ta amfani da dabarbari, maps, Charts da jadawalai).
• ciki ganuwa (halittar magana alamu).

Basic didactic Concepts

Fahimtar yanayi na ilmantarwa tsari ne na asali batu, wanda aka directed didactic. A cikin koyarwa da wannan fahimtar da aka gani da farko ta fuskar da rinjaye makasudin. Akwai da dama manyan ka'idojin Concepts na koyo:

• Didactic encyclopedic (Ya. A. Komensky, J. Milton, IV Basedov.) Kamar yadda rinjaye burin koyo canja wuri a cikin ni'imar da matsakaicin cikin sharuddan kwarewa da mai koyo ta ilimi. Dole, a hannu daya, m ilimi hanyoyin bayar da malamin, a kan sauran - gaban wani aiki m aiki na dalibai da kansu.
• Didactic takalidai (I. Pestalozzi, A. Disterverg, Nemeyer A., Schmidt, A. B. Dobrovolsky): girmamawa daga yawa daga ilimin da suka samu da aka canjawa wuri zuwa da ci gaban da damar iya yin komai, kuma bukatun dalibai. Ainihin rubutun zama tsohon maganar Heraclitus: "Mnogoznanie hankali bai koyar." Haka kuma, shi ne wajibi na farko da dukkan samar da dalibi fasaha don zaton daidai.
• Didactic pragmatism ko utilitarianism (J. Dewey, G. Georg Kerschensteiner.) - horo a matsayin da maimaitawa na dalibai 'kwarewa. A cewar wannan tsarin, rinjãye zamantakewa kwarewa kamata faru ta hanyar ci gaban kowane irin zaman jama'a aiki. A binciken da na mutum batutuwa da aka maye gurbinsu da m darussan da nufin familiarizing da dalibi da daban-daban ayyukan. Almajirin kamar haka cikakken 'yanci a zabi na batutuwa. Babban drawback wannan m - wani take hakkin da harshen dangantakar m da kuma fahimi aiki.
• Aikin jari-hujja (B. windows): dauke da wani na game dangane da ayyukan ilimi. Batutuwa kamata mayar da hankali a kan key ideas na falsafa muhimmanci (aji gwagwarmaya a cikin tarihin juyin halitta a ilmin halitta, aikin dogara a ilmin lissafi, da dai sauransu). Babban shortcoming na ra'ayi: yayin da iyakance ilimi abu ne kawai game da duniya manyan ideas na aiwatar da samun ilmi da samun rage hali.
• Paradigmatic m (G. Sheyerl): kin amincewa da tarihi da kuma ma'ana jerin a cikin tsarin ilmantarwa. Material nemi samar da Focus, Ina nufin mayar da hankali a kan wasu na kowa bane. Haka kuma, akwai wani take hakkin da manufa na tsarin.
• Cybernetic m (Karna Maiya Mashbits, S. I. Arhangelsky) hidima a matsayin horo aiwatar bayanai aiki da kuma watsa, wanda kayyade bayani dalla-dalla didactic. Wannan ba ka damar amfani da a koyar da ka'idar bayanai tsarin.
• A associative m (J. Locke.): The kafuwar koyo aka dauke perceptual ilmi. A raba rawa ga gani images, bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da irin wannan shafi tunanin mutum da ayyuka na yara, kamar yadda hakan. A darussan da ake amfani da primary horo hanya. Yana ba la'akari da rawar da kerawa da kuma kai-bincike aiwatar da saye da ilimi da dalibai.
• A ra'ayi na sauka a hankali samuwar tunani ayyuka (P. Ya. Galperin, NF Talyzina). Ilimi dole tafi, ta hanyar wasu, interconnected, saukarwa: a na farko tunani da mataki tsari da kuma yanayin da kisa, da samuwar kanta na kirkirar matakai tare da m ayyukan. kan aiwatar da kafa matakai a ciki magana, na mataki a cikin aiwatar da canji birgima shafi tunanin mutum da ake gudanar. Wannan ka'idar ne musamman tasiri a lokacin da horo farawa da abu na ji (misali, 'yan wasa, direbobi, kida). A wasu lokuta, da ka'idar mataki samuwar tunani ayyuka iya iyakance.
• Management m (V. Yakunin): ilmantarwa tsari yana dauke sarrafa matsayi da kuma asali management matakai. Wannan shi ne makasudin, bayanai tushe na binciken, kiyasin irin wannan hukunci, da kisan da wannan shawarar, sadarwa lokaci, sa idanu da kuma kimantawa, gyara.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, didactics - wani sashe na pedagogy, koyan matsaloli koyo. Bi da bi, da asali manufar koyarwar dauke da wani koyo aiwatar cikin sharuddan rinjaye ilimi manufofin, kazalika da daidai da wani tsarin na dangantaka tsakanin malamai da dalibai.