DC motor: da manufa na mataki. DC motor: da na'urar

Da farko ƙirƙira a cikin karni na 19th juyawa lantarki inji ne mai DC mota. Ka'idar aiki da shi aka sani tun tsakiyar karni na karshe ga halin yanzu lokaci DC Motors (DPT) ta ci gaba da aminci bauta wa mutum, ɓacẽwa a cikin tashin wani iri-iri amfani da inji kuma hanyoyin.

A farko DPT

An fara daga 30s na karni na 19th a su ci gaba da suka yi tafi ta dama, saukarwa. Gaskiyar ita ce, har zuwa karshen karni na karshe engine alternators kawai tushen ikon wani galvanic cell. Saboda haka, duk na farko da wutar lantarki Motors iya kawai gudu a kan kai tsaye halin yanzu.

Abin da ya fara DC mota? The aiki manufa na'urar da injuna da ake gina a cikin farkon rabin karni na 19th, shi ne kamar haka. Babban filin ya ga wani ajali sa na dindindin maganadiso ko electromagnets sanda, ba su da wani janar rufaffiyar Magnetic kewaye. Salient-iyakacin duniya armature kafa da dama raba sanda maganadiso a kan wani na kowa axis, wanda aka kore ta m da m sojojin da sandunan da inductor. Hankula wakilan su kasance injuna W. Ricci (1833) da kuma B. Jacoby (1834) sanye take da inji sauya yanzu a cikin electromagnets da armatures m lambobin sadarwa a kewaye da armature Tuddan.

Kamar yadda engine ne a guje Jacobi

Abin da ya wannan na'ura manufa na aiki? Engine Jacobi m halin yanzu da kuma ta analogs mallaka pulsating electromagnetic karfin juyi. A lokacin haduwa da m sandunan na armature da inductor da Magnetic janye karfi mota karfin juyi da sauri ya kai a kalla. To, a lõkacin da iyakacin duniya wuri armature daura da sandunan da inductor, wani inji canji da kuma warware halin yanzu a cikin electromagnets na armature. Karfin juyi saukad da sifili. Saboda da inertia na armature da kore inji anga dogayen sanda fita daga karkashin inductor sandunan, a wannan lokaci a cikin su daga canza halin yanzu ake kawota a gaban shugabanci, su polarity kuma juyawa, da kuma karfi na nauyi zuwa ga mafi kusa iyakacin duniya na inductor aka maye gurbinsu da wani m karfi. Saboda haka, motor rotates Jacobi m tunkaro.

Yana bayyana annular anga

A core na armature solenoids engine Jacobi yanzu lokaci zuwa lokaci kashe, sun haifar da wani Magnetic filin bace, da kuma samar da makamashi da aka canza kama zuwa zafi asarar a windings. Saboda haka, electromechanical hira halin yanzu ikon source armature (electrochemical cell) a cikin inji faru a cikinta a yayyanke. Abin da ake bukata da aka rufe da a ci gaba da mota Tuddan halin yanzu wanda zai gudana daga ƙarƙashinsu kullum a lokacin da dukan lokaci na aiki.

Kuma irin wannan fuhtufn da aka kafa a 1860. A Pachinotti. Mene ne daban-daban daga da magabata DC mota? Ka'idar aiki na engine da na'urar Pachinotti wadannan. Kamar yadda anka ya yi amfani da wani karfe zobe da spokes gyarawa a kan wani a tsaye shaft. A wannan yanayin, da anga bai yi salient zura sandunan ɗaukarsa. Ya zama neyavnopolyusnym.

armature nada Winding aka rauni tsakanin magana da yawun na zobe, da iyakar abin da suna da alaka a jerin kan anga, kuma daga wuraren dangane da kowane biyu coils aka sanya famfo da alaka da tara faranti shirya tare da karkara na kasa na mota shaft, da yawan wanda daidai da yawan coils. A duka armature aka rufe a kan kanta da kuma serial dangane da maki na ta coils an haɗa m haraji faranti, wadda slide a kan wani biyu daga yanzu wadata rollers.

A annular anga an sanya tsakanin sandunan da biyu gyarawa electromagnets inductor-stator, don haka da cewa Lines na karfi halitta su zumudi Magnetic filin kunshe a cikin matsanancin cylindrical surface na mota armature a arewa iyakacin duniya zumudi ratsa annular armature, ba tare da motsi a cikin ciki na ta rami, kuma ya zo daga karkashin kudu iyakacin duniya.

Kamar yadda engine ne a guje Pachinotti

Abin da ya yi a manufa da mataki? DC motor Pachinotti yi aiki a cikin wannan hanya kamar yadda na zamani DPT.

A halin maganaɗisu filin na inductor sandunan da polarities wannan ya kasance kullum da wani yawan conductors na armature Tuddan halin yanzu tare da m shugabanci, cikinsa da inductor karkashin daban-daban sandunan na armature halin yanzu shugabanci an juyawa. Wannan aka samu da ajiye yanzu wadata rollers, wanda aiki a matsayin goge, a cikin sarari tsakanin sandunan na inductor. Saboda haka armature instantaneous halin yanzu malalo zuwa nada ta hanyar da nadi, da haraji, farantin karfe kuma bonded cikinta taps, wanda shi ne ma a cikin sarari tsakanin sandunan, sa'an nan ya kwararo a gaban kwatance tare biyu poluobmotkam-rassan, kuma a karshe ya bi cikin reshe line, a tara farantin karfe kuma da abin nadi a wani interpolar tazara. A yin haka, da nada anga karkashin sandunan na inductor canza, amma shugabanci na halin yanzu da kwarara zauna canzawa a gare su.

By Ampere ta Law, domin kowane shugaba na armature nada da na yanzu a cikin Magnetic filin na inductor iyakacin duniya, wani karfi wanda aka ƙaddara da shugabanci na sanannun mulki "bar hannunka." Dangi da axis na engine, wannan ikon don ƙirƙirar karfin juyi, da kuma Naira Miliyan Xari da lokacin da duk wadannan sojojin ba da jimillar lokacin da DPT, wanda shi ne riga a karkashin dama tara faranti ne kusan m.

DPT da kuma tare da wani annular armature Tuddan grammovskoy

Kamar yadda sau da yawa ya faru a cikin tarihi na kimiyya da fasaha, da sabuwar dabara A. Pachinotti aka ba amfani. Yana da aka manta ga shekaru 10 har a 1870 shi da kansa ba maimaita Franco-German kirkiro H. Gramm a irin wannan zane na DC janareta. A cikin wadannan inji, da axis na juyawa ne a kwance, kuma an yi amfani da carbon goge zamiya tare da haraji faranti kusan zamani kayayyaki. By da 70 ga watan shekara na karni na 19th da manufa na reversibility na lantarki inji ya zama sananne, da kuma inji Gramm amfani da janareta da kuma DC mota. Its aiki manufa da aka riga aka bayyana a sama.

Duk da cewa da sabuwar dabara na annular anga da wani muhimmin mataki a cikin ci gaban DPT, ta nada (kira grammovskoy) da wani gagarumin drawback. A halin maganaɗisu filin na inductor sandunan ne kawai wadanda da ta conductors (cinye aiki), wanda sa a karkashin wadannan sandunan a kan m cylindrical surface na armature. Don su shi aka tare da Magnetic karfi na Ampere, wani karfin juyi tare da girmamawa ga mota axis. Wadanda m conductors cewa ratsa budewa zobe anga bai shiga a cikin halittar lokacin. Su ne kawai m dissipated makamashi a cikin nau'i na zafi hasãra.

Daga cikin zobe da anga drum

Magance wannan shortcoming zobe anka yi nasara a 1873 ta shahara Jamus lantarki F. Gefner-Alteneku. Yaya shi gudana DC mota? The aiki manufa na da na'urar, inductor stator ne guda a matsayin mota tare da zobe Tuddan. Amma da zane na armature da Winding canza.

Gefner-Altenek nuna cewa shugabanci na armature halin yanzu suna gudãna daga ajali goga, a conductors grammovskoy Tuddan zumudi a dab sandunan ne ko da yaushe m, watau su za a iya shigar dasu a cikin windings ayi a cikin matsanancin cylindrical surface na nada da nisa (farar) daidaita da iyakacin duniya farar (kewayen armature, ga wanda iyakacin duniya na zumudi).

A wannan yanayin, ya zama dole ba a cikin madauwari rami na armature, kuma shi jũya a cikin wani m Silinda (drum). Wannan Tuddan kuma anga kanta samu sunan da drum. Amfani da tagulla a cikinsa da wannan yawan aiki conductors ne sosai kasa da a grammovskoy Tuddan.

Anga kaya zama

The inji da Gramm-Gefner Alteneka anga surface ya santsi, kuma ta Tuddan conductors shirya a da rata tsakanin shi da sandunan da inductor. A nesa tsakanin concave cylindrical surface na zumudi sandunan da armature convex surface kai da dama millimeters. Saboda haka, don ƙirƙirar wani so Magnetic filin karfin da ake bukata su yi amfani da zumudi coils tare da manyan magnetomotive karfi (da manyan yawan jũya). Wannan ƙwarai karu da size da kuma nauyi na injuna. Bugu da kari, da m surface na armature coils ya na da wuya a gyara. Amma yadda za a iya cewa zama? Lalle ne, domin mataki a kan shugaba tare da wani halin yanzu Ampere karfi shi dole ne ta kasance a cikin maki a sarari tare da m Magnetic filayen (tare da wani Magnetic juyi yawa).

Sai ya juya daga cewa wannan ba lallai ba ne. American kirkiro H. Maxim gun nuna cewa idan anga yi drum kaya, da kuma GROOVES kafa tsakanin hakora sanya nada Tuddan drum, da rata tsakanin sanduna da kuma zumudi za a iya rage zuwa kasarun adadi na wani millimeter. Yana yiwuwa a rage girman da zumudi coils, amma karfin juyi DPT ba rage.

Kamar yadda ayyuka irin wannan DC mota? Ka'idar aiki dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa toothed anga Magnetic karfi ne amfani ba ga conductors a cikin ramummuka (Magnetic filin a su ne kusan ba a nan), kuma zuwa sosai hakora. A gaban halin yanzu a cikin shugaba a cikin tsagi ne m ga abin da ya faru na wannan karfi.

Yadda za a rabu da Eddy igiyoyin

Wani muhimmin kyautata sanya shahara kirkiro TA Edison. Abin da ya kara wa DC mota? The aiki manufa ya kasance canzawa, amma abu daga wanda ya sanya anga canza. Maimakon tsohon m ya kasance wani bakin ciki laminated electrically ware daga juna da karfe zanen gado. Wannan rage girma da Eddy igiyoyin (Foucault igiyoyin) a cikin armature, wanda ya karu da yadda ya dace da engine.

The aiki manufa na DC motor

A takaice za a iya tsara kamar haka: a lokacin da a haɗa da armature Tuddan m mota zuwa wani ikon source a cikinta taso manyan halin yanzu da ake kira inrush da kuma wucewa sau da yawa da rated darajar. Haka kuma, a karkashin zumudi sandunan da m polarity shugabanci na igiyoyin a cikin conductors na armature Tuddan a cikin wannan kishiyar kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi a kasa. A cewar mulkin, "bar hannunka", wadannan Yanã shiryar ne Ampere tilasta wani counterclockwise shugabanci da kuma daukawa armature zuwa juya. A armature Tuddan conductors jawo electromotive karfi (baya-EMF), directed oppositely da wadata irin ƙarfin lantarki Madogararsa. Kamar yadda armature hanzari ƙaruwa da kuma mayar-EMF a Tuddan. Haka kuma, da armature halin yanzu an rage daga lokacin da na fara darajar daidai aiki batu a kan mota da halayyar.

Don ƙara gudun juyawa daga cikin armature, shi wajibi ne ko dai don kara na yanzu a nada ko rage baya-EMF a cikinsa. A karshen za a iya cimma ta ragewa girma da zumudi Magnetic filin ta rage yanzu a filin Tuddan. Wannan hanya na tsakaita gudun DPT ne mai tartsatsi ne.

The aiki manufa na DC mota tare da raba zumudi

Tare da hada da filin Tuddan tashoshi (Likitan mata) zuwa wani raba ikon source (m OM) m DPT saba yi don yin shi more dace don sarrafa girma na zumudi halin yanzu (domin canza rotational gudun). A kan kaddarorin da DPT da m Likitan mata ma kama DPT da likitan mata, da alaka a layi daya da armature Tuddan.

Shunt DPT

The aiki manufa na layi daya DC motor filin halin yanzu da aka ƙaddara da inji halayyar, Ina nufin dogara da gudun juyawa daga cikin kaya karfin juyi a kan ta shaft. Domin irin wannan engine gudun bambancin a miƙa mulki daga idling ga rated kaya karfin juyi ne daga 2 zuwa 10%. Wadannan inji Properties ake kira m.

Saboda haka, mataki manufa na wani DC mota tare da shunt Yanã da aikace-aikace a actuators tare da m gudun lokacin da wani babban kaya bambancin fanni. Duk da haka, shi ne yadu amfani a kayyade lantarki drive tare da m gudun. Bugu da ƙari, domin ta gudun tsari za a iya amfani da a matsayin canji na armature halin yanzu da kuma filin halin yanzu.

Bi da bi zumudi na DPT

The aiki manufa na DC mota na jerin zumudi kamar layi daya, shi ne m da inji halayyar, wanda a cikin wannan yanayin ne m, saboda engine gudun ƙwarai dabam tare da aza canje-canje. Ina mafi m don amfani mai DC mota? The aiki manufa na Railway gogayya motor gudu abin da ya kamata ya rage a shawo kan abun da ke ciki yakan kuma komawa zuwa maras motsi lokacin da bayyana cikakken yayi dace da DPT da likitan mata sequentially haɗa ta armature Tuddan. Saboda haka, wani gagarumin rabo daga lantarki locomotives a duniya sanye take da irin wannan na'urorin.

The aiki manufa na wani DC mota tare da jerin zumudi yi kamar yadda pulsating halin yanzu gogayya Motors wanda suke da gaske guda tare da DPT m RH, amma musamman tsara don aiki tare da gãfarta riga a kan jirgin lantarki halin yanzu da ciwon da wani gwaji ripple.