Cibiyar sadarwa da kuma cibiyar sadarwa da fasaha. Cibiyar sadarwa bayanai fasahar

Yau, networks da kuma cibiyar sadarwa na na'urorin fasahar zamani to connect mutane a duk faɗin duniya da kuma samar musu da damar yin amfani da babbar alatu a duniya - Adam na sadarwa. Mutane ba tare da tsangwama chat da kuma play tare da abokai wanda suke a cikin sauran sassa na duniya.

A events an san a duk faɗin duniya a seconds. Daya shi ne iya haɗi zuwa Intanit, suka sa masa yanki na bayanai.

Cibiyar sadarwa bayanai fasahar: a tushen su asalin

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na karshe wayewar dan adam ne da shi aka kafa ta biyu da ta fi muhimmanci kimiyya da fasaha da masana'antu - kwamfuta da kuma sadarwa na na'urorin fasahar zamani. Game da kwata na karni biyu wadannan masana'antu sun samo asali da kansa, kuma a cikin su, bi da bi, da kuma kwamfuta sadarwa networks da aka halitta. Duk da haka, a ƙarshe kwata na karni na ashirin a sakamakon juyin halitta kuma interpenetration biyu, waɗannan rassan mutum ilmi ba, kuma akwai abin da muke kira da kalmar "cibiyar sadarwa da fasahar" shi ne tsarin cikin tsari na karin janar manufar "bayanai fasahar".

A sakamakon su bayyanar akwai wani sabon fasaha juyin juya halin a duniya. Kamar dai yadda 'yan shekarun da suka gabata kafin ta ƙasar surface rufe da wani cibiyar sadarwa na hanyõyi, a karshen karni na karshe, duk ƙasashe, birane da ƙauyuka, Enterprises da kuma kungiyoyi, kazalika da mutum gidajen da aka alaka "bayanai superhighway." Duk da haka, dukan su sun zama abubuwa daban-daban networks watsa bayanai tsakanin kwakwalwa, a cikin abin da wasu bayanai watsa fasahar an gane.

Cibiyar sadarwa Technology: ra'ayi da kuma abun ciki

Cibiyar sadarwa da fasaha ya ishe gina wani data-aiki sadarwa mai jiwuwa kafa dokoki misali da kuma watsa bayanai, a aiwatar a matsayin abin da ake kira "misali ladabi", kazalika da hardware da software, ciki har da cibiyar sadarwa adaftan da direbobi, igiyoyi da zare na gani, daban-daban haši ( haši).

"Isasshiyar" yana nufin cewa hadaddun ne ta minimization na, yayin da rike da yiwuwar gina wani aiki wanda ake iya yi cibiyar sadarwa. Ya kamata da ikon inganta, misali, ta hanyar samar da shi subnets, bukata da amfani da ladabi a daban-daban matakan, kazalika da spetskommunikatorov, fiye kira a matsayin "magudanar". Tare da ci gaba na cibiyar sadarwa zama sauri kuma mafi m, amma a kudin ziyartar superstructures kan tamkar cibiyar sadarwa da fasahar bangaren na ta da asali.

Kalmar "cibiyar sadarwa da fasaha" an fi sau da yawa amfani a cikin sama kunkuntar ji, amma sau da yawa shi ne ma broadly fassara a matsayin wani sa na dokoki da kuma gina wasu iri networks, kamar "na gida kwamfuta sadarwar fasahar."

A samfur na cibiyar sadarwa da fasaha

A farko samfur na kwamfuta cibiyar sadarwa, amma ba tukuna da cibiyar sadarwa da kanta, ya fara a cikin 60-80s. karshe karni, Multi-m tsarin. Gabatar da wani sa na duba da kuma keyboard, wanda aka located a manyan nisa daga mainframe da ta haɗu da su via tarho modems ko hayar Lines, tashoshi daga gabatarwa na ITC, kuma Ya watsa a ko'ina cikin ginin.

A daidai wannan lokaci, sai dai da kwamfuta sadarwarka da ITC, dukkan masu amfani da ake bai wa damar shiga cikin tashoshi da faifan su ayyuka da kuma saka idanu da kisa a kan duba, da kuma yin wasu ayyukan aiki management. Wadannan tsarin da aiwatar biyu Algorithms rabuwa lokaci da kuma tsari aiki, da ake kira m aiki shigarwa tsarin.

WANs

Wadannan da Multi-m tsarin a cikin marigayi 60s. Karni na ashirin. Yana da aka halitta da kuma na farko da irin hanyar sadarwa - da duniya kwamfuta cibiyar sadarwa (GCS). Su ƙuƙumi da supercomputers cewa wanzu a guda kofe da kuma adana na musamman data da software zuwa manyan kwakwalwa, sa su a nisa har zuwa dubban kilomita, via tarho networks da modems. Wannan cibiyar sadarwa da fasaha da aka a baya gwada a wani Multi-m tsarin.

A farko SSC a 1969 ya zama ARPANET, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin US Ma'aikatar tsaron da integrates iri-irin kwakwalwa tare da daban-daban Tsarukan aiki. Suna sanye take da dopmoduley domin ganin na sadarwa na cibiyar sadarwa ladabi, ga kowa da kowa 'yan wata cibiyar sadarwa na kwakwalwa. Yana yana kan ta kayan yau da kullum na cibiyar sadarwa da fasaha amfani a halin yanzu ci gaba.

A farko misali na haduwa da kwamfuta da kuma sadarwa networks

GCS gaji mahada daga cikin mazan da kuma duniya networks - .. Telephone, watau don sa sabon Lines na dogon nesa da shi ya tsada sosai. Saboda haka, domin shekaru masu yawa da suka yi amfani da akwatin tilbijin na analog murya tashoshi for watsa a iyakancen lokaci daya kawai hira. Digital data da aka canjawa wuri a kan wani sosai low gudun (dubun kbit / s), da kuma ikon iyakance watsa bayanai fayiloli da kuma e-mail.

Duk da haka, gadon tarho Lines, SCS bai riƙi core fasaha, bisa manufa na kewaye sharuddan sauyawa, idan kowane biyu na biyan kuɗi zuwa duk zaman lokaci tsaya tashar a akai gudun. A GCS amfani da sabon kwamfuta cibiyar sadarwa da fasaha, bisa manufa na fakiti sharuddan sauyawa, a cikin abin da data a cikin nau'i na kananan rabo daga fakitoci a akai kudi da aka bã a cikin unswitched cibiyar sadarwa da kuma karbi by masu karɓa a cikin cibiyar sadarwa adireshin lambobin saka a cikin fakiti buga kwallo.

magabata LANs

Fitowan a cikin marigayi 70s. Karni na ashirin. LSI ya kai ga halittar wani mini-kwamfuta tare da low farashin da kuma arziki aiki. Sun fara da gaske gasa tare da babban kwakwalwa.

Sun zama Popular mini-kwamfuta PDP-11 iyali. Aka shigar a duk, ko da wani sosai kananan samar raka'a don sarrafa fasaha aiwatar da mutum tsari raka'a, kazalika a sashen gudanar da kamfanonin yin ofishin ayyuka.

Akwai wani ra'ayi na rarraba sha'anin-fadi da kwamfuta albarkatun, ko da yake minicomputers aka har yanzu aiki autonomously.

Zuwan LAN-sadarwar

By tsakiyar 80s. Karni na ashirin. Mu da aka gabatar da fasahar hada mini-kwakwalwa a cikin cibiyar sadarwa, dangane da sharuddan sauyawa na data fakitoci, kamar yadda a GCS.

Suka juya gina wani cibiyar sadarwa da kamfanoni, da ake kira gida (LAN - LAN), a wani kusan maras muhimmanci aiki. Domin halittarsa, kawai bukatar saya cibiyar sadarwa adaftan ga LAN-zaba fasahar, misali, Ethernet, wani misali na USB tsarin, shigar a kan ta USB haši (tashoshi) da kuma haɗa da adaftan da mini-kwakwalwa da kuma tare da juna ta hanyar wadannan igiyoyi. Next, wani kwamfuta server aka shigar daya daga cikin tsarin aiki tsara don LAN kungiyar - cibiyar sadarwa. Bayan haka, ta fara aiki, kuma da m Accession daga kowane sabon minicomputers bai haifar da wani matsaloli.

A inevitability na zargin Internet

Idan zargin minicomputers yarda ware kwamfuta albarkatun ko'ina a ƙasar Enterprises, fitowan a farkon 90s. PC kai ga su sauka a hankali fitowan farko a kowane wurin aiki kowane ilimi ma'aikacin, sa'an nan a cikin mutum adam gidãjensu.

A zumunta low cost da kuma high AMINCI na PC na farko ya ba da iko goyon baya ga LAN-cibiyar sadarwa, sa'an nan ya kai ga zargin wani duniya kwamfuta cibiyar sadarwa - Internet, shara duniya a yau.

Girman Internet kowane watan da aka girma da 7-10%. Yana da wani core m daban-daban na gida da kuma duniya networks na Enterprises da kuma cibiyoyin duniya tare da juna.

Idan mataki na farko ta hanyar da yanar-gizo da farko daukar kwayar cutar data fayiloli da kuma e-mail saƙonni, amma a yau shi, yafi bada m damar zuwa rarraba Information Resource da lantarki archives, don kasuwanci da kuma wadanda ba kasuwanci informsluzhbam kasashen da dama. Ya free damar archives dauke da bayanai a kan kusan dukkan yankunan na ilimi da kuma na mutane aiki - daga sabon kwatance a kimiyya to hasashen yanayi.

Basic Network LAN-cibiyar sadarwa da fasaha

Daga cikin su akwai core fasahar a kan wanda tushen kowane musamman cibiyar sadarwa za a iya gina. Kamar yadda wani misali, irin sanannun fasahar matsayin LAN-gizo (1980), Token Zobe (1985) da kuma FDDI (karshen 80s.).

A marigayi 90-ies. wani shugaban LAN-gizo Networking fasahar fito fasahar ha gargajiya bambance-bambancen daga gare tare da watsa bayanai rate up to 10 Mbit / s, da kuma Fast Ethernet (har zuwa 100 Mbit / c) da kuma Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbit / c). All Ethernet-fasahar da irin wannan ka'idojin aiki, simplifying su sabis da kuma hada LAN-networks dangane da su.

A daidai wannan lokacin, da zuciyar kusan duk kwamfuta tsarin aiki developers fara gina su cibiyar sadarwa ayyuka don aiwatar da muka ambata a sama yanar gizo na tushen bayanai da fasaha. Akwai ma na musamman sadarwa OS kamar IOS Cisco Systems kamfanin.

Yadda yana da GCS fasahar

GCS fasahar kan analog tarho tashoshi saboda da babban matakin murdiya a wadannan daban-daban hadaddun iko lissafi mai tsauri da kuma data dawo. Wani misali na wadannan ne ci gaban X.25 fasaha ne har yanzu farkon 70s. Karni na ashirin. More m sadarwar fasahar - a frame gudun ba da sanda, ISDN, ATM.

ISDN - wani acronym ma'ana "dijital cibiyar sadarwa da Hadakar", damar dauke da fitar m video gudanar da taro. M dama da aka bayar ta shigar da PC ISDN adaftan a guje da yawa sau da sauri fiye da kowane modems. Akwai kuma na musamman software da cewa ba rare bincike da kuma aiki da tsarin aiki tare da ISDN. Amma babban kudin kayan aiki da kuma bukatar sa na musamman mahada hana ci gaban da wannan fasaha.

WAN fasahar cigaban da tarho networks. Bayan zuwan dijital telephony Spetstechnology Plesiochronous Digital matsayi da aka ɓullo da (PDH), wadda ke goyon bayan gudu zuwa 140 Mbit / s da kuma amfani da su haifar da harkokin kasuwanci na da nasu networks.

New fasahar synchronous Digital matsayi (SDH) a cikin marigayi 80s. Karni na ashirin. kumbura bandwidth dijital tarho tashoshi zuwa 10 Gb / c, wani m Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) fasahar - to daruruwan Gb / c kuma ko da har zuwa dama terabits / c.

internet fasahar

Internet sadarwa na na'urorin fasahar zamani dangane da yin amfani da hypertext harshe (ko HTML-harshe) - spetsyazyka alama lantarki takardun, hada da wani umurni da ya kafa halayen (tags), ya gabatar da pre developers yanar cikin kowane su shafukan. Hakika, a cikin wannan hali mu ba su magana game da wani rubutu ko hoto takardu (da photos, hotuna) cewa an riga an "sauke" daga Internet mai amfani, a cikin memory daga PC da kuma kyan gani, ta hanyar wani rubutu ko hoto Editocin. Wannan shi ne abin da ake kira Web shafukan kyan gani, ta hanyar wani browser shirin.

Developers na Web shafukan haifar da su a kan HTML-harshe (a halin yanzu halitta da yawa kayan aikin da fasahar da cewa aiki, tare da ake kira "site layout") a cikin nau'i na shafukan yanar gizo tare, da kuma site masu suna sanya a Internet sabobin karkashin wani haya daga masu ajiya sabobin (abin da ake kira "rundunar"). Suna aiki a kusa da kowane lokaci a kan Internet, bauta da bukatun da masu amfani don duba shafukan yanar gizo an kara su.

Bincike mai amfani da inji mai kwakwalwa, samu da uwar garke na Internet mai baka sabis don samun damar musamman uwar garke, da adireshin wanda aka dauke a cikin sunan nema shafin yanar gizo, samun wannan shafin. Bugu da ƙari kuma, nazarin da HTML-tag na kowane shafi da kake ganin, bincike ya samar da image kan allon, a cikin hanyar cikin abin da aka ɗauki cikinsa ta developer na site - da dukkan Adadin labarai, launuka da fonts, daban-daban abun da ake sakawa a cikin nau'i na hotuna, zane-zane, hotuna, da sauransu. .