Mene ne adabi? Definition. The main iri da kuma nau'o'i

A wannan labarin, za mu magana game da abin da yake adabi, abin da suke da manyan siffofin, styles da nau'o'i.

A definition

Kowa ya san abin da yake wallafe-wallafe. A wani m ji, shi ne - da sa duk texts taba rubuta ta mutum. Amma mafi yawan adabi tana nufin wani nau'i na art, wanda babban aiki - rubutu ayyukan art. Duk da haka, wannan ne ma kunkuntar wani fahimtar da ambatacce. Wallafe-wallafe ne aikin jaridar, kimiyya, falsafa, addini. Ilimi Sahaban na Homer, misali, tare da wannan yardarsa zuwa karanta su "Aeneid" Virgil da rubutun "A cikin yanayin abubuwa," Lucretius. Amma masu sukar a 1820 shekaru, gane mafi kyau misalai na Rasha litattafan "Experience haraji ka'idar" N. Turgenev da "Tarihin da Rasha Jihar" Karamzin. Duka wadannan ayyuka a cikin zamani ji wa wallafe-wallafen texts ba su shafi, amma wannan ba ya hana su daga kasancewa Masterpieces.

A ra'ayi na "Wallafe-wallafe" yana da dama Properties cewa a tsawon shekaru kasance canzawa.

marubucin

Wallafe-wallafe dauke kawai asali texts. Suna iya zama m (halitta da ba a sani ba marubucin) da kuma na gama (da aka rubuta da wani rukuni na mutane). Wannan batu ne mai muhimmanci, saboda kasancewar marubucin samar da wani rubutu ƙarshe. Man yana sanya wani karshen kuma game da shi ya kira iyakoki na halitta ayyuka, wanda za ta ci gaba rayuwa kadai. In ba haka ba, wannan shi ne yanayin da, misali, tare da almara texts. Duk iya ƙara wani abu zuwa gare shi a kan kaina, don a yi canje-canje, rubuta bayani. Kuma babu wanda zai iya saka wani sa hannu yanki na wannan duniya. Mene ne adabi? Wannan rubutu nasa ne wani marubuci.

rubuta rubutu

Kawai rubuta matani yana nufin wallafe-wallafe. Na baka hadisin a cikin irin wannan art ne m. Almara ya ko da yaushe mika sauka daga fuska da fuska, shi za a iya gyarawa a kan takarda, amma shi ne kawai marubucin version nonliterary rubutu. A duniya ta yau, akwai ban ga wannan mulkin, da ake kira tsaka lokuta. Sun zama a cikin kasa al'adu na jama'a, da wanda tare da zuwan rubutu har yanzu wanzu bayar da labarun wanda aikin da aka halicce ta a yanayin da na baka, rubuta nan da nan shigarsu kam. Irin wannan texts an dauke su da wallafe-wallafen. Saboda haka, da muka zo da wani mafi girma fahimtar abin da yake wallafe-wallafe. Yana da wani rubuta rubutu halitta da wani takamaiman marubucin.

da yin amfani da kalmomi

Dauke da wallafe-wallafen texts cewa an halicci yin amfani da kalmomi na harshen xan Adam. Wadannan ayoyin suna ba syncretic da kuma roba, a cikin abin da fi'ili bangaren ba za a iya rabu da gani, m, ko wasu sauran. Opera ko wani song - ba wani ɓangare na wallafe-wallafe. Duk da haka, shi ne sau da yawa a zamaninmu, don haka da cewa music kuma kalmomi a wani aiki halitta da wannan marubucin. Yadda inganci ne a matsayin adabi, kamar shayari Vysotsky ya mallaki songs - wuya a ce. A daya hannun, da hikaya "The Little Prince" Saint Exupery ne ma wuya ga sunan ne kawai a wallafe-wallafen aikin saboda gaskiyar cewa muhimmiyar rawa a shi taka leda by marubucin domin ya nuna rubutu.

zaman jama'a darajar

Domin a karshe ya zo domin ya fahimci cewa wannan adabi, dole mu yi la'akari da wani rarrabẽwa. Ya ba nasa ne da tsarin da rubutu, amma don ta aiki. Literary ayyuka suna dauke su records da cewa suna da zamantakewa muhimmanci, wato, makaranta makala, na sirri tsarin sautinsu, hukuma rubutu alaka adabi ba. Wannan mulki yana da wani togiya. Idan haruffa ko tsarin sautinsu da aka rubuta da marubucin da wani gagarumin (marubuta, masana kimiyya, da 'yan siyasa, da sauransu.) Kuma zubar da haske a kan m aiki, sa'an nan a kan lokaci da suka saya da matsayi na adabi aiki. Alal misali, Sergeya Esenina blog ya dade jama'a yankin da aka buga tare da sauran ayyukan da mawãƙi ne.

The main iri

Wallafe-wallafe ne m, shirin gaskiya, tarihin, kimiyya ko rare kimiyya da ilimi, da fasaha da kuma tunani. Fiction, sabanin wasu daga cikin jinsunan, yana mai pronounced ado fuskantarwa. By almarar marubucin neman kai ga mai karatu ya karshe, kuma wani lokacin kawai don nishadantar da shi.

Ko da a cikin tsufa, tsoho da Girkanci Falsafa Aristotle a cikin "Poetics" rarraba duk kayayyakin a cikin nau'i uku: drama, lyric da almara. A baya Turai adabi ketare da yawa nau'o'i: labari, elegy, satire, Ode, waka, bala'i, comedy. Drama ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin XVIII karni. Salo ci gaban wallafe-wallafe taba daina. A duniya ta yau, za mu karanta jami'in labaru, almarar kimiyya, thrillers, mataki, "Yafi sauki" da sauran ban sha'awa littattafai. Wallafe-wallafe a yau kara ba kawai a kan takarda amma kuma ta hanyar kwamfuta fayiloli a kan kafofin watsa labaru.

Rasha adabi

Wallafe-wallafe da aka bayar da muhimmanci ga rayuwar siyasa na Rasha. A jihar inda ya samu haskaka da jama'a ba su iya yardar kaina bayyana ra'ayoyi da tunani, wannan art form ya zama wani irin aminci bawul. Alal misali, a cikin XIX karni Rasha harshen da kuma adabi aka tilasta aikin jaridar hali. A mafi yadu karanta mawallafa sun shirin gaskiya yan fim da kuma 'yan jarida. Sukar lamiri V. G. Belinsky, ba tare da rubutu a rayuwata wani labari, labarin ko play, ya zama sanannen kuma sosai zaa iya karanta marubuci.

Da zaran cikakken iko na shugaban ko monarch a Rasha ko ta yaya yana da wata iyaka ba, kasar ya ayyana wani "babban karshen adabi" (VV Rozanov). Don haka shi ne a 1910, a lokacin da Rasha na farko ya bayyana majalisar daular mulkinsu, kamar ƙasar samu a shekarun 1990s, bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet.

Rasha na gargajiya adabi - daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa da kuma yadu karanta a duniya. Tolstoy, Nikolai litattafan Gogol, Pushkin, F. Dostoevsky - da furuci Masters m magana.