Dardanelles a kan taswira na Eurasia

Dardanelles - wani mashigi tsakanin arewa-yammacin Asiya Ƙananan da Gallipoli Larabawa, located in Turai na Turkey. Dardanelles wanda fadin shi ne tsakanin 1.3 km da kuma 6 km, da kuma tsawon - 65 km, shi ne na dabarun muhimmancin, tun da shi ne wani ɓangare na ruwa hanyar haɗa da Rum tare da baki.

tẽku Gell

Da aka sani da Straits - da Hellespont, wanda fassara daga Girkanci matsayin "Sea Gell." Wannan sunan ya zo daga zamanin d labari game da tagwaye, da ɗan'uwana, kuma 'yar'uwa, Frix da Gell. Haife orhomenskim sarki Athamas da Nephele, da yara nan da nan ba tare da ya bar uwa - tãyar da su mugaye uwar rana Ino. Ta so ya kashe ɗan'uwansa, kuma 'yar uwa, amma tagwaye gudu a kan wani tashi rago tare da zinariya gashi. A lokacin da jirgin Helle slipped a cikin ruwa kuma ya mutu. Sanya fadowa 'yan mata - tsakanin Chersonesus kuma Shiga - tun lakabin "Sea Gell." Dardanelles samu ta ba da sunan da sunan da zarar ya tsaya a kan banki na tsohon birnin - Dardania.

Bosphorus

Wannan shi ne wani Black Sea mashigar. Bosporus haɗu da Black Sea da Marmara. Matsatsiyar yana da tsawon game da nisan kilomita 30, da nisa daga jeri 700 m ga 3700 m zurfin da tashar - .. Daga 36 zuwa 124 m matsatsiyar located Istanbul (tarihi Konstantinoful). Gaba da Bosphorus suna da alaka ta biyu gadoji: da Bosphorus (tsawon - 1074 mita) da kuma Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (tsawon - 1090 mita). A shekarar 2013, ya daidaita da Asiya da Turai gefe na Istanbul, Marmaray Railway karkashin ruwa rami da aka gina.

Gwargwadon matsayi

Dardanelles Bosphorus da suke a nesa na 190 kilomita daga juna. Tsakanin su ta'allaka da Marmara Sea, wanda yanki na 11.5 km2. Marine jirgin ruwa na fita daga Black Sea ga Rum, dole ne da farko shiga cikin wani m kunkuntar Bosporus kewaye Istanbul, iyo zuwa Tekun Marmara, bayan wanda zai sadu da Dardanelles. Wannan matsatsiyar ƙare da Aegean Sea, wanda hakan wani bangare ne na Rum. A cewar ta tsawon, wannan hanya ba ya wuce 170 mil.

A dabarun muhimmancin

Bosporus da Dardanelles ne links na sarkar cewa haɗu da rufaffiyar tẽku (Black) tare da bude (Rum). Wadannan nassoshi sun kasance batun da shawara manyan manyan kasashen duniya. Domin Rasha a cikin karni na 19th hanyar zuwa Bahar Rum bayar da damar zuwa tsakiyar duniya kasuwanci da kuma wayewa. A duniya ta yau, shi ne kuma muhimmanci ne "key" to Black Sea. International Yarjejeniyar da shawara cewa, da nassi na kasuwanci da kuma soja jiragen ruwa ta hanyar da Straits ya zama free kuma free. Duk da haka, Turkey, wanda shi ne babban kayyadewa na zirga-zirga ta hanyar da Bosphorus, yana kokarin yin amfani da wannan halin da ake ciki su amfani. A lokacin da a 2004 ƙwarai karu da girma na man fetur daga Rasha, Turkey izini ƙuntatawa na motsi na jiragen ruwa a Bosphorus. A mashigar bayyana cunkoso, da kuma man fetur ya fara sha dukan diyya ga gazawar da ceto sau da sauki motocin dakon. Rasha na aikin zargi Turkiya da gangan wahala zirga-zirga a kan Bosphorus da nufin Canza madosa fitarwa kaya na man fetur a Ceyhan tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda sabis an biya. Wannan ba shine kawai ƙoƙari na Turkey amfana daga ta Geophysical matsayi. A kasar ta ɓullo da wani shiri domin gina da Bosphorus tashar. A ra'ayin shi ne mai kyau, amma da Baturke Jamhuriyar ya ba tukuna samu masu zuba jari domin ganin wannan aikin.

Yãƙi a cikin yankin

A tsufa, da Dardanelles mashigar mallakar Helenawa, da kuma babban birni a yankin ya Abydos. A 1352, da Asiya bakin mashigar mayar da su cikin Turks da kuma zama da rinjaye birnin Canakkale.

A karkashin wata kwangila sanya hannu a 1841, kawai Turkish warships iya wuce da Dardanelles. Da farko Balkan War kawo ƙarshen wannan Jihar harkokin. Greek jiragen ruwa ya ci Turkish a ƙofar straits sau biyu: a 1912, 16 Disamba, a lokacin yakin Ally, kuma a 1913, a kan Janairu 18, a cikin yakin Lemnos. Bayan haka, Turkish rundunar bai yi kuskure ya zo daga wani mashigi.

A yakin duniya na farko, da kwanaki na Dardanelles sun jini fadace-fadace tsakanin Atlanta da kuma Turkey. A 1915, Sir Winston Churchill, ya yanke shawarar a lokaci daya don buga Turkey daga cikin yaki, to karya, ta hanyar zuwa babban birnin kasar ta hanyar da Dardanelles. Da farko Ubangijin Admiralty aka hana soja iyawa, don haka da aiki ya gaza. A yaƙin neman zaɓe ya talauci habarta da incompetently aiwatar. A wata rana, Anglo-Faransa rundunar rasa uku battleships, wasu jiragen ruwa da aka lalata, kuma ta hanyar mu'ujiza tsira. Saukowa daga sojojin a kan Gallipoli sashin juya a cikin wani ma fi girma bala'i. 150 dubu mutane aka kashe a wuriyar grinder, ba a kawo wani sakamakon. Bayan da Baturke hallakarwa, kuma a Jamus submarine nutse uku Birtaniya jirgin ruwa na soja da kuma na biyu saukowa a cikin Bay Suvli aka ignominiously ci, soja aiki, an yanke shawarar mayar da al'amarĩna. Game da yanayi na cikin mafi girma da bala'i a Birtaniya soja tarihi ya rubuta wani littafi da ake kira "Dardanelles, 1915. Babban mummunan shan kashi na Churchill."

Tambaya na Straits

Duk da yake Byzantine sa'an nan Ottoman Empire mamaye da Straits yankin, da tambaya da su aiki da aka yanke shawarar a cikin jihohi. Duk da haka, a nuna na 17-18 ƙarni, a halin da ake ciki ya canza - Rasha ya kai gaba na Black kuma Azov Tekuna. Ikon matsala a kan Bosporus da Dardanelles tsayu a kan kasa da kasa ajanda.

A 1841 a wani taro a London, wata yarjejeniya da aka kai da cewa Straits za a rufe ga nassi na warships a peacetime. Tun 1936, bisa ga halin yanzu dokar kasa da kasa, da Straits yanki yana dauke "high tekuna", kuma game da ita al'amurran da suka shafi an kayyade ta Montreux Yarjejeniyar a kan matsayi na Straits. Saboda haka, kula da wurare ne da za'ayi yayin da rike ikon mulkin kasar Turkiyya.

A tanadi na Montreux Yarjejeniyar

Yarjejeniyar ya furta cewa, m jirãge, dukan jihohin da free samun nassi ta hanyar da Bosporus da Dardanelles straits biyu a wartime kuma a peacetime. Black Sea ikon iya wuce ta cikin straits na sojan ruwa da finjãlai na wani aji. Non-Black Sea Amurka na iya wuce ta cikin Dardanelles da Bosphorus ne kawai kananan surface jirãge.

Idan Turkey ne da hannu a cikin tashin, kasar yana da hankali auku warships na wata al'umma. A lokacin yakin, ga abin da Jamhuriyar Turkey yana da kõme ba su yi, da Bosphorus da Dardanelles ya kamata a rufe to warships.

A karshe rikici a cikin abin da aka hannu a cikin sunadaran a karkashin yarjejeniyar, shi ne Kudu Ossetian rikicin a watan Agusta 2008. A wannan lokaci, ta hanyar da straits aka rasa Amurka Navy warships, wanda ya ci gaba a cikin shugabanci na Jojiyanci tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Poti da Batumi.

ƙarshe

Dardanelles a kan taswira na Eurasia daukan up sosai dan sarari. Duk da haka, da dabarun muhimmancin wannan corridor a nahiyar ba za a iya overestimated. Daga wani tattalin arziki da ra'ayi ne mai muhimmanci ga Rasha, musamman, fitar da kaya na man fetur kayayyakin. Sufuri na "black zinariya" a cikin ruwa shi ne da yawa mai rahusa fiye da ta bututun. Kowace rana ta cikin Dardanelles da Bosphorus gudanar 136 jiragen ruwa, 27 daga cikinsu - motocin dakon. da yawa daga zirga-zirga ta hanyar da Straits ne sau hudu da tsanani da Panama Canal, sau uku - Suez. Saboda low giciye-straits Rasha Federation daukawa kullum asarar game da 12,3 miliyan. Dollars. Duk da haka, mai girma madadin ba tukuna samu.