Atom - shi ne basa bangare na al'amarin

Atom - ne m na game barbashi kwayoyin halitta. Shi ne cent core a kusa da kamar taurari a kusa da rana, da electrons juya. Oddly isa, amma mafi karami barbashi gano da kuma tsara da ra'ayi na shi tukuna tsoho Greek kuma tsohuwar India masana kimiyya da ba ta dace kayan aiki ko msar tambayar tsarin. Su lissafin da ƙarni wanzu a matsayin shiriritar, da kuma kawai a cikin 17th karni, chemists sun iya gwaje tabbatar da inganci na zamanin d theories. Amma kimiyya ne hanzari motsi gaba, da kuma a farkon karni na karshe, lissafin kimiyya ya gano subatomic aka gyara da kuma tsarin da barbashi. A sa'an nan da wannan aka karyata ta da definition na zarra a matsayin "basa". Duk da haka, manufar da ya riga ya shiga kimiyya amfani, da kuma kiyaye su.

Ancient malaman zaton zarra - wani super-kananan guda na wani sha'ani. Daga su siffar, massiveness, launi da kuma sauran sigogi dogara ne a kan zahirin Properties daga cikin abu. Alal misali, Demokrit yi imani da cewa wuta atoms musamman kaifi, saboda yana konewa, daskararru barbashi da m saman da hankali a haɗe da juna, ruwa atoms - santsi da kuma m, a matsayin goya ruwa fluidity. Ko da ran mutum Democritus ĩmãni kunshi wucin gadi dangane da kwayoyin halitta da cewa hargitse a lokacin da mutum ya mutu.

More zamani tsarin samarwa a cikin farkon karni na 20th Japan likita Nagaoka. Ya gabatar da msar tambayar ci gaba, wadda ta ƙunshi a gaskiyar cewa zarra - a duniyar tsarin a cikin wani microscopic sikelin, kuma da tsarin da yake kama da Saturn tsarin. Irin wannan tsarin da aka ba daidai ba. Kusa da gaskiya ya Bohr model na zarra-Rezerfrda, amma shi ya gaza tambayarku abin da jiki da kuma lantarki Properties na corpuscles. Kawai zato cewa zarra - shi ne wani gini da ya hada da ba wai kawai da barbashi Properties, amma kuma jimla, na iya bayyana cikin mafi girma da yawan ya lura hakikar.

Corpuscles iya zama a cikin wata mamaye jihar, amma iya - a free. Alal misali, an oxygen zarra zuwa dokoki da DNA, da kanta da alaka da sauran irin barbashi. Bayan da wutar lantarki sallama, msl, saukar aradu, shi ne hade a hadadden tsarin - azine, wanda ya kunshi triatomic kwayoyin. Haka kuma, ga wasu irin mahadi dole kwayoyin halitta wasu physico-sinadaran yanayi. Amma akwai karfi tsakanin barbashi da kwayoyin. Alal misali, a nitrogen zarra alaka zuwa wani sau uku bond, game da shi, kwayoyin musamman karfi da wuya batun sauya.

Idan yawan protons (barbashi core) shi ne kama da yawan electrons, juyawa a falakinsu, da zarra ne electrically tsaka tsaki. Idan ainihi ba ba, to, da barbashi yana da wani korau ko tabbatacce fitarwa da kuma aka kira wani ion. Yawanci, wadannan caje barbashi kafa daga kwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin rinjayar lantarki filayen, radiations na daban-daban yanayi ko high zazzabi. A ions chemically hyperactive. Wadannan caje kwayoyin halitta iya kuzari amsa tare da wasu barbashi.