Babban ɓangare na jirgin sama. Aircraft na'urar

Ira na jirgin sama a yarda ba kawai a gudanar da wani tsohon mafarkin mutãne - zuwa nasara da sama, amma kuma don ƙirƙirar fi sauri yanayin sufuri. Ba kamar balloons da airships, da jiragen sama kadan dogara a kan vagaries na weather, zai iya tafiya mai nisa a high gudun. Aka gyara daga cikin jirgin sama ya kunshi wadannan tsarin kungiyoyin: wani reshe, fuselage, wutsiya, saukowa kaya, wani ikon shuka kula da tsarin, daban-daban kayan aiki.

manufa na aiki

Aircraft - da jirgin sama (LA) shi ne mafi tsananin fiye da iska, dakunan da wani iko shuka. Tare da wannan m ɓangare na jirgin sama don ƙirƙirar da zama dole dirka ga jirgin - aiki (tuki) karfi da cewa an tasowa a ƙasa, ko kuma a jirgin cikin engine (propeller ko jet engine). Idan dunƙule aka located a gaban engine, shi ne ake kira da Pull, kuma idan baya - turawa. Saboda haka, engine samar da translational motsi na jirgin sama dangi zuwa da kewaye matsakaici (iska). Haka kuma, da iska motsa dangi da reshe, da kuma cewa Halicci dagawa karfi a sakamakon da translational motsi. Saboda haka, inji iya ci gaba a cikin iska kawai idan wani jirgin gudun.

Menene sunan wannan jirgi

A jikin kunshi wadannan sassa:

• Fuselage - shi ne babban jikin jirgin sama, a haɗa a cikin dukan reshe (reshe), gashi ikon tsarin, shasi da sauran gyara. A fuselage amintattun da matukan jirgin, fasinjoji (sifirin jiragen sama), kayan aiki da kuma dangi. Yana iya ma a sanya (ba ko da yaushe) man fetur, shasi, injuna, da dai sauransu .. d.
• A Motors amfani ga tuki da motsi na da jirgin sama.
• Wing - aiki surface, tsara don ƙirƙirar daga.
• Tsaye wutsiya tsara don handling, daidaita da directional zaman lafiyar da jirgin sama game da wani a tsaye axis.
• Takamaiman wutsiya tsara don handling, daidaita da directional zaman lafiyar da jirgin sama game da wani kwance axis.

A fuka-fuki da fuselage

Babban ɓangare na jirgin sama tsarin - reshe. Yana halitta da yanayi na biya daga cikin manyan bukatun ga jirgin damar - gaban daga. Reshe ne a haɗe zuwa jiki (fuselage), wanda na iya samun musamman siffar, amma har zuwa yiwu tare da kadan da nata irin ja. Don wannan karshen, shi na samar da wani m drop-streamlined siffar.

A gaban wani ɓangare na jirgin sama da ake amfani da jeri na Matuka jirgin da kuma radar tsarin. A raya shi ne abin da ake kira wutsiya. Yana da hidima ga samar da iko a lokacin jirgin.

The zane na gashinsa

La'akari da talakawan jirgin sama, da wutsiya rabo daga abin da aka yi bisa ga classic makirci, hali na mafi soja da farar hula model. A wannan yanayin, a kwance wutsiya zai dauki kashi ga wani ajali part - stabilizer (daga Latin Stabilis, barga) da kuma wani m - lif.

A stabilizer hidima don goya kwanciyar hankali jirgin sama game da su kẽta axis. Idan a jirgin sama hanci zai fada, to, daidai da, aft fuselage, tare da gashinsa tashi. A wannan yanayin, da iska matsa lamba a kan babba surface stabilizer karuwa. Generated matsa lamba stabilizer dawo (da bi, da kuma fuselage) zuwa ga asali matsayi. Lokacin da dagawa sama da hanci da fuselage daga iska ya kwarara zai kara matsin lamba a kan ƙananan surface stabilizer, kuma shi zai dawo da asali matsayi. Wannan na samar atomatik (ba tare da matukin jirgi baki) LA kwanciyar hankali a tsaye jirgin sama tare da girmamawa ga mai gangara axis.

A na baya na jirgin sama ma ya hada da wani a tsaye wutsiya. Hakazalika, a kwance, yana ta ƙunshi wani ajali part - da keel, da kuma mobile - rada. Keel ya bada zaman lafiya da jirgin sama motsi game da tsaye axis a kwance jirgin sama. Ka'idar aiki ne kama da mataki na stabilizer filafilin kifi - kãfirtarsu keel hanci deflected zuwa dama zuwa hagu, da matsa lamba a kan hakkin-hannu jirgin ƙaruwa da kuma dawo keel (da fuselage) to baya da wuri.

Saboda haka, game da gatari biyu na jirgin da kwanciyar hankali shi ne tabbatar plumage. Amma akwai wani axis - a tsaye. Don samar da atomatik motsi kwanciyar hankali game da abin da axis (a cikin gangara jirgin sama) glider reshe wasan bidiyo shirya ba horizontally amma a wani kwana zumunta da juna don haka da cewa iyakar da Consoles deflected zuwa gaba. Irin wannan tsari yayi kama da harafin «V».

gudanar da tsarin

Control saman - muhimman sassa na jirgin sama domin iko da jirgin sama. Wadannan sun hada da ailerons, rudders da kuma tsawo. Control aka bayar dangane da wannan uku da gatura a cikin wannan uku jirage.

Lif - wani m raya ɓangare na stabilizer. Idan stabilizer kunshi biyu baka, bi da bi, akwai biyu lif wanda karkacewa sama ko zuwa ƙasa, duka biyu synchronously. Tare da shi, matukin jirgin iya canja jirgin sama jirgin tsawo.

Rada - wani m raya ɓangare na keel. Lokacin da aka deflected a daya shugabanci ko wani da shi ya auku da nata irin karfi da rotates da jirgin saman game da wani a tsaye axis wucewa ta cikin cibiyar taro a gaban shugabanci daga shugabanci na sabawa daga cikin matuƙin jirgin ruwa. Juyawa na faruwa idan dai da direba ba ya mayar da matuƙin jirgin ruwa zuwa cikin tsaka tsaki (ba deflected matsayi), da kuma LA zai gudanar da wani motsi a cikin wani sabon shugabanci.

Ailerons (daga Faransa Aile, reshe.) - babban ɓangare na jirgin sama, da su ne m sassa reshe bangarori. Suna amfani da iko da jirgin sama game da a tsaye axis (a cikin gangara jirgin sama). Tun da biyu reshe bangarori, da kuma ailerons da biyu. Sun yi aiki synchronously, amma, da bambanci ga lif, ba deflected zuwa gefe daya, da kuma daban-daban. Idan daya aileron ne deflected upwardly, da sauran saukar. A reshe wasan bidiyo inda aileron deflected zuwa gaba dagawa karfi an rage, da kuma inda downward - ƙaruwa. Kuma da fuselage jirgin sama rotates a cikin shugabanci na tashe aileron.

injuna

All jirgin sama suna sanye take da wani propulsion tsarin da damar bunkasa gudun, sabili da haka samar da wani dagawa karfi. Engines iya sanya a baya na jirgin sama (hankula jet jirgin sama), da gaban (kananan-engine motocin) da fuka-fuki (farar hula jirgin sama, kai, m).

Sun kasu kashi:

• Amsawa - turbojet, pulsating, dual-kewaye, ta hanyar-kwarara.
• Dunƙule - fistan (propeller kore), turboprop.
• Makami mai linzami - ruwa, m.

sauran tsarin

Hakika, sauran sassan jirgin sama ma suna da muhimmanci. Shasi damar jirgin sama dauki kashe da kuma ƙasar da dakunan hadahada. Akwai halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, inda musamman floats ake amfani maimakon na shasi - su ba ka damar daukar kashe da kuma ƙasar a wani wuri inda akwai jiki na ruwa (teku, Kogin Nilu, lake). Known model na haske jirgin sama sanye take da kayan gudun kan, don amfani a cikin yankunan da barga snow murfin.

Modern jirgin sama ana crammed da kayan lantarki, sadarwa na'urorin da kuma watsa bayanai. A soja jirgin sama yana amfani da nagartaccen makami tsarin, manufa saye da kuma siginar da danniya.

rarrabuwa

By saduwa jirage kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin: hula da soja. Babban ɓangare na fasinja a jirgin sama ne halin da ciwon sanye take gida ga fasinjoji mamaye wani babban ɓangare na fuselage. A rarrabe ne portholes a tarnaƙi na jiki.

Rundunar Aircraft kasu kashi:

• Fasinja - gida kamfanonin jiragen sama, babban makwabta (kewayon kasa da 2000 km), da nufin (kewayon kasa da 4000 km) dogon (nesa na kasa da 9000 km) da kuma intercontinental (kewayon fiye da 11 000 km).
• Cargo - Light (nauyi na kaya zuwa 10 ton), matsakaici (aza nauyi zuwa 40 ton) da kuma nauyi (nauyi na aza a kan 40 ton).
• Manufa ta musamman - tsafta, aikin gona, m (kankara bincike, ryborazvedka), wuta-yãƙi, domin m daukar hoto.
• Training.

Ba kamar da farar hula model, wani ɓangare na wani soja jirgin sama da dadi gida tare da portholes. Babban ɓangare na fuselage rike da makamai tsarin, kayan aiki don bincike, sadarwa, Motors da kuma sauran raka'a.

By saduwa zamani soja jirgin sama (ciki har da soja ayyuka da cewa su yi) za a iya raba da wadannan iri: mayaka, hari jirage, harin (harsashi), bincike, soja kai, musamman da kuma karin wuraren.

jirgin sama na'urar

A na'ura na jirgin sama ya dogara da nata irin kewaye, da abin da suka suna kafa. Da nata irin zane halin da yawan ainihin abubuwan da tsari na qazanta saman. Idan hanci na jirgin sama a yawancin irin wannan model, da wuri da kuma lissafi na fuka-fuki da wutsiya sashe na iya bambanta yadu.

Akwai da wadannan da'irori LA na'urar:

• "Classical".
• "National reshe".
• "Duck".
• "Tailless".
• "Jummai".
• Canzawa makirci.
• Hada makirci.

Aircraft sanya ta gargajiya makirci

Ka yi la'akari da babban ɓangare na jirgin sama da kuma su ayyuka. Gargajiya (al'ada) layout na gyara da kuma majalisai ne hankula ga mafi na'urorin duniya, ko soja ko na farar hula. Babban kashi - wani reshe - aiki a wani m undisturbed kwarara wanda gudana smoothly reshe da kuma Halicci wasu dagawa karfi.

The baka na sana'a ne taqaitaccen, wanda rage yanki da ake bukata (kuma inganta taro) na tsaye stabilizer. Wannan shi ne saboda hanci da fuselage haddasa takobin tada zaune tsaye yaw lokacin game da tsaye axis na jirgin sama. Rage gaba fuselage inganta gani a gaban yammancin duniya.

A disadvantages na al'ada makirci ne kamar haka:

• Ayuba kwance wutsiya (HT) da kuma wani slant reshe perturbed rafi muhimmanci rage ta yadda ya dace, necessitating amfani da gashinsa ya fi girma yankin (ya kuma inganta da taro).
• tsaye wutsiya (IN) don samar da jirgin kwanciyar hankali kamata haifar da wani mummunan daga karfi, watau zuwa ƙasa. Wannan rage overall yadda ya dace da jirgin sama: girma da daga, wanda halitta wani reshe, shi wajibi ne ya dauki sakamako, wanda aka halitta a kan GO. ya karu da reshe yanki dole ne a yi amfani domin su kau da wannan sabon abu (ya kuma inganta da taro).

jirgin sama na'urar a kan wani "duck"

Tare da wannan tsarin, da babban ɓangare na jirgin sama ana sanya daban fiye a cikin "gargajiya" model. Da farko, canje-canje da line-kwance wutsiya. An located a gaban reshe. A karkashin wannan makirci, ya gina farko jirgin sama Bratya Rayt.

abũbuwan amfãni:

• Tsaye wutsiya gudãna a cikin undisturbed kwarara, wanda qara ta yadda ya dace.
• Don tabbatar da zaman lafiyar na jirgin gashinsa Halicci tabbatacce daga, watau shi ne kara wa daga na reshe. Wannan damar rage yanki, saboda haka, nauyi.
• Halitta "antispin" kariya: yiwuwar canja wurin da fuka-fuki a supercritical kusassari da hari ga "ducks" cire. A stabilizer aka kafa don haka da cewa shi samun wani mafi girma kwana na kama fiye da reshe.
• Motsi da baya mai da hankali jirgin sama tare da kara gudu a lokacin da wani "duck" ya auku zuwa karami mataki fiye da na gargajiya tsari. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa karami canje-canje a cikin mataki na tsaye a tsaye zaman lafiyar da jirgin sama, bi da bi, simplifies da management na da halaye.

Disadvantages na makirci "duck":

• By karya da ya kwarara a kan feathering da shi ya auku ba kawai a fita jirgin karami kusassari da hari, amma kuma ta "sagging" saboda da akan rage yawan dagawa da karfi. Wannan shi ne musamman m, a cikin ƙasa saboda da kusanci na takeoff da saukowa.
• A gaban a gaba fuselage wutsiya impairs review sunadaran da ƙananan yammancin duniya.
• Don rage yanki na gaba tsawon GO gaba fuselage ne muhimmi. Wannan qara takobin tada zaune tsaye yaw lokacin, kuma, saboda haka, ƙara da yankin da kuma nauyi na tsarin.

Aircraft sanya a kan wani "tailless"

A model na da irin wannan shi ne ba da muhimmanci, a saba ɓangare na jirgin sama. Photo jirgin sama "beskhvostok" ( "Concord", "Mirage", "aman wuta") ya nuna cewa suna da wani kwance wutsiya. Babban abũbuwan amfãni daga wannan makirci ne:

• Rage frontal da nata irin juriya, wanda shi ne da muhimmanci musamman ga jirgin sama a high gudun, kamar cruising. Wannan rage man fetur halin kaka.
• Manyan reshe torsional rigidity cewa inganta aeroelastic halaye an cimma high halaye na maneuverability.

disadvantages:

• Domin daidaita a wasu jirgin halaye rabo mechanization trailing baki (bude yatsun) da kuma dole iko saman barinta sama, wanda rage overall daga cikin jirgin sama.
• Hade LA iko da kwance, kuma a tsaye da gatura (saboda da rashi na lif), shi tabarbarewa.Idan da halaye na handling. A rashin na musamman feathering sa iko saman ne a kan mayar da baki da reshe, don gudanar da wani (idan ya cancanta) cajin da ailerons da lif. Wadannan iko saman ne ake kira elevons.
• Da yin amfani da inji wajen daidaita jirgin sama impairs ta takeoff da kuma saukowa halaye.

"National reshe"

Tare da wannan makirci, akwai kusan babu wani ɓangare na jirgin sama kamar da fuselage. All yawa da ake bukata domin jeri na ƙungiya, dangi, engine, man fetur, da kuma kayan aiki ne a tsakiyar reshe. Wannan makirci na da wadannan abũbuwan amfãni:

• The mafi ƙasƙanci da nata irin ja.
• The karami taro na tsarin. A wannan yanayin, dukan taro da dama a kan reshe.
• Tun lokacin da a tsaye jirgin sama kananan size (saboda rashin fuselage), wani takobin tada zaune tsaye lokacin da girmamawa ga ta tsaye axis ne negligible. Wannan damar zanen kaya zuwa ko dai rage fannin IN, ko ficewa daga shi (tsuntsaye an san tsaye wutsiya ne ba ya nan).

A disadvantages ne haduwar dorewa jirgin sama jirgin.

"Jummai"

Students "jummai", a lokacin da fikafikai biyu shirya daya bayan daya, da wuya amfani. Wannan bayani da ake amfani da su kara fannin reshe a wannan dabi'u na ta mawadãta, kuma tsawon na fuselage. Wannan rage takamaiman load a kan reshe. A ko rashin amfani wannan makirci ne manyan nata irin ja, ta ƙara lokacin da inertia, musamman dangane da mai gangara axis na jirgin sama. Bugu da kari, ta kara da gudun jirgin canza halaye na tsaye balance da jirgin sama. A tuƙi surface irin jiragen sama iya zubar kai tsaye a kan fuka-fuki, kuma a kan plumage.

hada makirci

A wannan yanayin, da bangaren sassa na jirgin sama zai iya zama a hade tare da daban-daban tsarin makircinsu. Alal misali, a kwance wutsiya da aka bayar a cikin fore da aft fuselage. Su ne abin da ake kira kai tsaye iko da dagawa da karfi a iya amfani.

A wannan yanayin, hanci kwance cakosoban tare da bude yatsun samar da karin daga. farar lokacin da ta taso a cikin wannan harka za a directed ƙara da kwana na kama (da hanci kwance). Domin wannan lokacin Parry tailplane yana haifar da ma'ana don rage kwana na kama (da hanci saukad). Don yin wannan, da karfi a kan wutsiya sashe ya kamata a directed ma sama. Wannan shi ne, a daga increment a gaba GO a kan reshe da wutsiya GO (ya kuma inganta a kan dukan jirgin sama) ba tare da juya shi a cikin tsaye jirgin sama. A wannan yanayin, da jirgin saman kawai yakan ba tare da wani juyin game da ta cibiyar taro. Conversely, lokacin da irin wannan da nata irin sanyi na jirgin sama shi zai iya gudanar da juyin halitta daga cikin cibiyar taro a tsaye jirgin sama ba tare da canza yanayin ta jirgin.

Ability don yin irin wannan horar da muhimmanci inganta wasan kwaikwayon halaye na maneuvering jirgin sama. Musamman a hade tare da wani kai tsaye gefen karfi kula da tsarin, domin wanda jirgin dole ne ba kawai da wutsiya, da kuma wani a tsaye baka feathering.

canzawa makirci

Inji jirgin gina ta canzawa makirci, bambanta da destabilizer a gaba fuselage. Destabilizers aiki ne don rage zuwa wasu har, har ma da cikakken kawar da baya da baya motsi na jirgin sama da nata irin mayar da hankali a kan supersonic jirgin gwamnatocin. Wannan qara maneuverability na jirgin sama (wanda yana da muhimmanci ga wani jirgin saman soja) da kuma ƙara da iyaka da kuma rage man fetur amfani (wannan yana da muhimmanci ga wani supersonic fasinja jirgin sama).

Destabilizer ƙila za a yi amfani da on takeoff / saukowa maki rama da nutse yanayin, wanda ake sa ta sabawa na saukowa mechanization (bude yatsun, ta bude yatsun) ko da fuselage hanci. A subsonic jirgin gwamnatocin destabilizer ya ta'allaka ne a tsakiyar fuselage ko shigar a cikin iska vane aiki (yardar kaina daidaitacce nisa da tushe).