Binciken a kwayoyin kimiyyar lissafi.

A nan na gabatar da ra'ayin, iƙirarin da samu. Duk da haka dai, babu inda zan yi gani ko ambato daga gare shi. A ra'ayin yana nufin sabon abu na danshin, wato, shi ya buɗe sama dukan sabon factor a matsayin manyan dalilan da sanyaya ruwa a cikin aiwatar da evaporation. The classic bayani ne: taya fita daga, kawai mafi m kwayoyin ne, waɗanda suke iya shawo kan sojojin na intermolecular janye. Wannan rage talakawan gudun sauran kwayoyin. Saboda haka, shi rage jiki zafin jiki, wanda yake a dogara a kan gudun.

Amma idan ka duba kadan kusa da aiwatar da danshin, shi za a iya gani da wani, mafi muhimmanci, idan ba main, sanyaya factor. Wannan sabon abu (factor) ba da aka rubuta a cikin wani littafi a kan kimiyyar lissafi. Daga cikin gargajiya ka'idar ya kamata a ma'ana ƙarshe cewa evaporating kwayoyin ba rage zuwa kusan sifili da kudi na gudun vytolknuvshey ta kwayoyin. Amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne.

A surface yadudduka na ruwa kwayoyin aka shirya a mafi nisa fiye da a cikin zurfi yadudduka. Wannan sa a sabon abu na surface tashin hankali.

A surface daga cikin ruwa

Kwayar Komayya 1 ayata1

v2

kwayoyin 2

V3

kwayoyin 3

Siffa 1.

A mafi kusantar su ƙafe da ejection-1 kwayoyin (ga. Siffa 1) ne ta karo da wata kwayoyin na 2, wanda ya ta'allaka tare da kwayoyin 1 a perpendicular zuwa cikin ruwa surface, kuma yana da mafi ƙarancin tangential gudu bangaren. Bayan da karo, a nesa mafi girma daga radii na biyu kwayoyin, da juna tunkuxe dakarun maye gurbinsu da girma sojojin na juna janye. Wadannan sojojin an rage wa kusan sifili gudu da kuma yawan zafin jiki a Kelvin jefarwa ba kawai 1 kwayoyin, amma 2 daga cikin kwayoyin da ya saura a cikin wani ruwa. Kwayar Komayya 2 yana da ba lokacin da za a canja wurin su sanadin motsi makamashi zuwa makwabciyar kwayoyin 3: ta "dakatar" kwayoyin evaporating 1. m hali na lokaci daya janye daga daya kwayoyin da kwayoyin biyu. A wannan yanayin, da kwayoyin iya samun daya kawai talakawan gudun. Duk da haka, a karshe fita lokaci 1 DNA, 2 kwayoyin zai rage gudun da cikakkar zazzabi Kelvin zuwa kusan sifili. More m da kuma naushe makwabtaka da kwayoyin biyu a kaikaice kwayoyin cewa rage deceleration sakamako "ceto Sinawan" sanadin motsi makamashi na kwayoyin 2. Amma overall sakamako kusan cikakkiyar hanawa ya zama da muhimmanci, domin da nisa tsakanin kwayoyin a cikin farfajiya yadudduka na ruwa ne isasshe manyan. Gaskiyar cewa karfi na janye m tare da inertia sojojin evaporating kwayoyin, ya ce sabon abu na surface tashin hankali, inda girma daga cikin surface ruwa Layer na kwayoyin da aka gudanar a ciki shi har equiprobable ga duk kwayoyin mafi karfi karo da pusher 2. Saboda haka DNA, evaporating kwayoyin rage 1 ta gudu da kuma gudun da kwayoyin 2 zuwa kusan sifili.

danshin sabon abu yana zuwa da za a ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi a duk sciences cewa nazarin kayan duniya. A bisa sabon bayani daga cikin dalilan domin sanyaya ruwa a lokacin da danshin kamata samar da amfani bayani a duk lissafin, wanda dole ne ya yi la'akari da wannan sakamako.

Ya ra'ayin na shanyewa da na gargajiya danshin ka'idar, wato:

1. "Speed na ruwa kwayoyin vaporized sama talakawan". Domin a shekaru 15 na miƙa zatonku a daban-daban daga kungiyoyin ilimi-ba tare da wani mayar da martani. Tare da wannan nasara da ya rubuta V. V. Putinu kuma D. A. Medvedevu tare da bukatar tura shi domin bincike da m kungiyoyin ilimi. Daga wannan na kammala, babu wani abu su ɓãta, amma sun tabbatar da - hadarin ga wani aiki masanin kimiyya. 28 ga watan Afrilu a wannan shekara, na sadu da ra'ayin dan takarar da fasaha sciences, gwani a kwayoyin kimiyyar lissafi. A karo na farko da tambaya, "Mene ne gudun da evaporated kwayoyin," ya ce, "Very mai kyau, a sama wa talakawan." Bayan samun saba da ra'ayin, shi saukar da wannan kudi, "Na'am, watakila, wasu daga cikin kwayoyin rage gudu. Amma da kwayoyin na ruwa sosai, bi da bi, da yawa daga damar da za ka tarwatsa evaporating kwayoyin zuwa high gudun. " Na ce a'a to wannan: "Domin su hanzarta zuwa gudun sama talakawan evaporated kwayoyin" 1 ", shi wajibi ne evaporating kwayoyin" 1 "don tarwatsa har zuwa gudun, mafi girma fiye da talakawan, fiye da sau biyu. Kuma wannan taron, kuma idan zai yiwu, amma shi ne don haka da wuya cewa shi ya kamata a yi watsi da. Kwayoyin - "miliyoniya" ga sanadin motsi makamashi dole ne sosai rare. " Kamar kudi dala makamashi da cewa sarkar da haddasawa da kuma sakamakon da ruwa zurfin don hanzarta da evaporating zo "1" na kwayoyin - za a iya wakilta a matsayin kwayoyin na wani mazugi tare da kokuwa a cikin kwayoyin "1". A zurfi Layer na kwayoyin, da mafi kusantar wannan tamkar makamashi watsi. A mafi m taron - wani kwayoyin da wani talakawan gudun. Kwayoyin ciwon gudu, kadan fiye da ko kadan kasa da matsakaita - shi ne ma ba nadiri. Gudun da evaporating kwayoyin, muhimmanci sama da talakawan, za a rubuce za a sa ta wani hadadden makirci na baya kabilanci a cikin zurfin yadudduka. Amma kamar yadda a cikin zurfin duk kwayoyin kan daidai gabãtarwar da duk ikon watsa kwatance ne daidai da m, sa'an nan yiwuwar wani iri-iri kwayoyin saituna a daya shugabanci da kuma daya kwayoyin da "1" - wannan low, kamar yadda yiwuwar spontaneously samun a wani uninsulated rabo daga girma na ruwa ne daban-daban daga wasu shafukan zazzabi. A mafi kusantar da taron ne da gudun da evaporating kwayoyin, dan kadan fiye da talakawan (ko daidai to, idan a mataki na karshe na danshin da "1" na DNA, idan karkatar shi ke faruwa a dawo: da gudu ne sifili - janyo hankalin da kwayoyin tururi ko iska Irin wannan taron ne sosai m to. wind lokaci, amma m iya yiwu idan tsaye yanayi).

2. Shi ne ma'ana to zaton cewa surface tashin hankali da yake riƙe duk kwayoyin ciwon matsakaici da ƙananan gudun a cikin ruwa (sai hoods ko iska tururi kwayoyin tashi a layi daya ga ruwa surface). Sa'an nan wajibi ne a kammala da cewa, mafi kusantar da taron ne da danshin da wani kwayoyin ciwon gudun wucewa da ƙaramar talakawan. Wannan ne bambanci na sanadin motsi makamashi na kwayoyin "1" kuma da m makamashi na da makwabtan janye molekulami- kadan. Wannan yana nufin cewa bayan kawar da wannan m makamashi, gudun - da kuma yawan zafin jiki a cikakkar digiri Kelvin - da jefarwa kwayoyin "1" Za a kusa da sifili. "Kuma inda ya aikata sanadin motsi makamashi na fitad da kwayoyin"? Wannan tambaya ya tambaye ni wani gwani a kwayoyin kimiyyar lissafi. Na ce (tunani game da shi kafin) - yiwuwa da ke shiga cikin zumudi makamashi na kwayoyin halitta, da ya fi guntu, aka ba sani da mutumin da zazzabi. Yana iya partially radiated cikin nonthermal gajeren zango na tashar electromagnetic bakan.

3. 2.Speed ruwa rage a cikin kwayoyin "2" bayan evaporating kwayoyin "1" ba da karo zauna canzawa kamar yadda shi ya bi daga gargajiya ka'idar, amma rage-rage zuwa kusan sifili.

4. A cewar Students na abokin (ya fitar da littafi), "The surface yadudduka ne sosai a hankali dab da juna. A manyan nesa tsakanin kwayoyin a cikin kowane Layer. " Ya bayyana wannan a cikin karyata da'awar cewa "2" kwayoyin siffa "1" ba shi da lokaci don canja wurin su samar da makamashi da muhimmi. Duk da haka, daga sauki sharudda dole energetically barga matsayi na yadudduka a cikin "kurege": wato, a karkashin (da kuma "a kan") kowane kwayoyin na 2, 3, 4, 5 yadudduka ya zama wani "rami". Siffa 1 ne energetically mafi m matsayin "2" kwayoyin da kuma "3" - kwayoyin ta hanyar da Layer. Kwayar Komayya "2" da yake a cikin na uku Layer, da kwayoyin "3" - a cikin na biyar Layer da kwayoyin "1" - a cikin na farko Layer. A wannan yanayin, kwayoyin "2" bayan ejecting, maras tabbas kwayoyin "1" karo - tashiwa ta hanyar da rata tsakanin kwayoyin mafi kusa da kasa na hudu Layer na gaba, na biyar, kwayoyin Layer - kuma Ya isa don rage nesa zuwa kusa da sifili gudu da kuma yawan zafin jiki. "1" evaporating kwayoyin. inda hakan ya saukar zuwa kusan sifili kanta, lokacin da za a rage gudu zuwa kusan sifili kwayoyin "2". Wannan shi ne - mai sosai m taron.

5. tafi "hannu da hannu" A kimiyya, kwarewa da kuma ka'idar. Ba na shakka cewa, "Gibbs makamashi", wanda aka kiyasta rata na atomic da kwayoyin shaidu - daidai nuna real mamaki. Amma idan na ya iya shawo kan ra'ayin da gwani a kwayoyin kimiyyar lissafi (ya ragae saukar bayan mu muhawara, ko da yake ba har zuwa karce, amma da kyau a kasa da talakawan) - saboda haka, a ka'idar, da sanyaya evaporating taya da kasawan da gibba. A fili, wannan ne saboda da cewa sojojin na kwayoyin hulda - short-fuska da hanzari da kuma deceleration - gajere. Saka manta da, yin amfani da yin lissafi da talakawan gudun kwayoyin. Wannan gaskiya ne ga kwayoyin a cikin ruwa. Amma wannan m ya haddasa kurakurai a cikin binciken na da hali na kwayoyin evaporated.

6. My ra'ayin kawar da wannan rata. Zai yiwu zurfi fahimtar haddasawa sanyaya na evaporating taya zai bude wani sabon filin na aiki domin ir na fi dacewa refrigerators, iska conditioners kuma šaukuwa. m. p.

7. samar da litattafan kafin kusata more a hankali. Akwai daya hukuma version, da kuma dukan abin da yake shi ne daidai da ra'ayi na na aikin kimiyya.

8. Ga wani koyawa 1976, Grade 9, shafi na 68.: "Idan zafin jiki ne m, da ruwa ya jũya a cikin tururi bã ya ƙãra wa sanadin motsi makamashi na kwayoyin, amma yana tare da karuwa a cikin m makamashi. Bayan duk, da talakawan nesa tsakanin kwayoyin da gas ne da yawa sau fi da cewa tsakanin kwayoyin na cikin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, da karuwa a cikin miƙa mulki daga wani ruwa abu to gaseous jihar,

9.

10. bukatar yin aiki da sojojin na waje matsa lamba. A nan, yanzu shugabanci an nuna lissafin: "The adadin zafi da ake bukata domin hira a akai da yawan zafin jiki na 1 kg. ruwa zuwa tururi, kira a matsayin takamaiman zafi na vaporization. " A fili, da in babu waje kadan kafofin a kan girma da ya faru da makamashi (da - da yawan zafin jiki) domin kowane kilogram na danshin ruwa.

11. Amma aka ba a kayyade ba ko ina nawa - ba rare, amma sosai m zaɓi: wani kwayoyin evaporates, ta gudu da kuma gudun da ruwa rage a cikin kwayoyin da aka kusan barrantar, da m makamashi na su hulda bace. Ina da ya faru da makamashi? Wannan tambaya ta interlocutor ba kawai, kuma ba sosai ya zama - duk aiki ta hanyar ta m ra'ayi na kimiyyar lissafi. A zumudi makamashi na zarra, a cikin electromagnetic radiation ba ya je? A dan littafin nan na kimiyyar lissafi, a cikin abin da nake da aka shirya don shigar da Polytechnic Institute (kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1983), fentin guda makirci da kuma ba da wannan bayani da cewa na ba da kwanan wata gwani. Amma a makaranta littafi jujjũya, a da makirci da ɗan daban-daban: p. 84. Daga wannan bayanin ta bayyana cewa sojojin na hulda tsakanin kwayoyin na tururi za a iya watsi da, saboda ta yawa a al'ada yanayi ne da yawa sau kasa da da yawa daga cikin ruwa. "A daya kwayoyin na cikin ruwa surface aiki a kan part 2 na kwayoyin da m karfi da janye karfi kwance cikin zurfin kwayoyin 3,4,5, IT d. 2 kwayoyin a kan karfi na nauyi daga kwayoyin kwance cikin zurfin 4, 5, 6, da kuma. t. d., da kuma m karfi daga kwayoyin 3. Amma, a Bugu da kari, ya aikata ko da karfi daga tunkuxe kwayoyin 1. A sakamakon haka, da nisa tsakanin kwayoyin 1 u2 talakawan mafi girma daga nesa tsakanin kwayoyin na 2 da 3 (kwayoyin 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, da dai sauransu -... ƙarya a kan wani layin perpendicular zuwa cikin ruwa surface, da kuma lambobin - kamar yadda a Figure 1 -. tsiro mai zurfi). A nesa of 2 - 3 kan wani nesa na 3 da kuma -4. t. d. har sai wani shafi dangantaka kwayoyin zuwa surface. " Wannan cikakken tabbatacce shaida da aka samu cewa da nisa tsakanin daya kwayoyin daga cikin manya "Layer" da kuma 2 kwayoyin karkashin shi - siffa 1 -more m. Wannan shi ne fiye da isa ga braking kwayoyin 2 na siffa 1 - sifili. 404118 Volzhsky, 30 m - shi dom40 KV. 17.