Utopian gurguzanci a kasashen yamma da kuma a Rasha

A farkon rabin karni na 19th ne halin da fadi da baza na ideas na utopian gurguzanci. New theories daidai da bege ga canji da kuma wani sabon tsarin al'umma. A wannan utopian gurguzanci, kuma da ra'ayoyin kasance musamman shafi tunanin mutum da model na wani zaman jama'a tsarin a nan gaba. Ci gaban da ka'idar, a cikin wasu kalmomi, ba bisa dokokin da tuki sojojin na al'umma.

A ra'ayi na "Utopia" na nufin "wadanda ba babu wuri."

West Turai utopian gurguzanci da aka bisa ga ideas daga cikin manyan Thinkers na zamanai 16-17 (Thomas More, Campanella, Winstanley). Samuwar sabon koyaswa ya yafi saboda kasa cin gaban jari hujja dangantakar da farkon karni na 19th. A mamaki da ke faruwa a wannan zamani a fili nuna da imperfections tsarin. A baza na jari hujja a duk duniyoyin tsokani kaifi zargi da wakilan daban-daban sassa na al'umma, ciki har da utopian socialists.

Followers Mora ka'idar nuna wa m da nakasa daga 'ya'yan jari hujja dangantakar. Utopian socialists sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga tattalin arzikin, ya fara yi la'akari da ci gaban da dangantaka da jama'a a matsayin tsari tarihi, a cikin abin da akwai wani canji, a cikin hãlãye. A wannan yanayin, daya mataki ya bi wani, mafi girma.

A general, da utopian gurguzanci wa'azi cewa tsarin jari hujja ba za su iya zuwa amince da farin ciki na mafi yawan mutane, kuma a wannan batun, don maye gurbin shi ya zo mafi nagartaccen na'urar.

Movement kafa a uku siffofin. Saboda haka, a France bambance-bambancen karatu na utopian gurguzanci sun Fourierism da Saint-Simonianism, kuma a cikin UK - ouenizm.

Mafi shahararren wakilin Faransa motsi ya Saint-Simon (Klod Anri de Ruvrua). Ya mallakar ayyukansa, kamar "The Catechism na industrialists", "Industrial System", "New Kiristanci". Duk da cewa da ra'ayoyi na utopian socialists aka fi mayar directed zuwa sociological matsaloli, ya sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga siyasa da tattalin arziki.

Wani babban zurfin tunani, ya mai utopian gurguzu Fourier (Fransua Mari Charles). Ya mallaki aiki da "ka'idar da janar kaddara da hudu ƙungiyoyi", "sabon zamantakewa da kuma masana'antu da zaman lafiya" da "ka'idar duniya hadin kai."

Fourier ya mai taimako ga ra'ayin so. A cewar shi, wani mutum - kasancewa mai jituwa, da ciwon babu mugunta propensities. Duk da haka, tabbatacce adam so a ƙarƙashin rinjayar tarihi hali zama korau. A wannan batun, ya ci gaba da Fourier, da yanayin bukatar canja hanyar da cewa mutane ci gaba daidaituwa.

A Ingila, Robert Owen ya zama mafi shahararren wakilin motsi. A cikin ayyukansu "Report Lenark County" da kuma "The littafin New tarbiya World" zurfin tunani, tsaurin jari hujja da aka bisa, duk da haka, a kan siyasa da tattalin arziki na gargajiya tsarin.

By da 40 ga watan shekara na karni na 19th shi ya fara yada utopian gurguzanci a Rasha. Wasu a cikin al'umma ji cewa cikin wadanda suka kafa sabuwar ka'idar an inganta neman sauyi dimokuradiyya. Wasu da ake kira sabon motsi "Rasha gurguzanci". Magabatan da promoters na da ra'ayin wani sabon shugabanci bayyana matukar rashin jituwa wanzu a zamanin da tsarin zamantakewa.

Rasha utopian gurguzanci aka dogara ne a kan maganganun da ka'idar manufa jihar tsarin kawai a kan ka'idodin data kasance yanayi a kauyen kowa a cikin yankunan karkara al'umma. A nan, bisa ga masu bayar da shawarwarin, babu rabuwa ta hanyar mallaka da kuma tsari na dangantakar dake tsakanin 'yan al'umma da aka za'ayi da taimakon kwastan da kuma hadisai, ba jihar dokokin.

Magabatan ka'idar utopian gurguzanci a Rasha suna da irin shahararren Figures a matsayin Chernyshevsky, Herzen, Belinsky.