Battle of Gross-Egersdorf. A tarihin manya manyan nasarori na Rasha sojojin

A cikin tarihi na soji da isasshen "fari aibobi". Wasu fadace-fadace suna sane watakila cewa sana'a masana tarihi. Kuma wannan duk da cewa da yawa daga cikinsu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa ba kawai a cikin ci gaban da kasar mu, amma kuma a cikin tarihin na wasu ƙasashe. Irin wannan shi ne yakin Gross-Egersdorf. An yi wani kananan tasiri a sakamako na shekaru bakwai 'War, amma ka tuna da wannan taron ne ba ma sau da yawa.

Brief Historical Fage

Gross Egersdorf (Gross-Jägersdorf) - wannan shi ne wurin da yaƙi, wanda ya faru 19 (30) a watan Agusta 1757. Yana da aka samu halartar Rasha da kuma Prussia. A daya gefen akwai 28,000 Prussian sojoji, umarta ta Field Marshal cewa Lewald. A kan sauran - 55 000 Rasha sojoji a, umurnin aiwatar da wasu filin-marshal, SF Apraksin.

Known yaƙi a cewa da shi ya baftismar sojojin Rasha a cikin shekaru bakwai 'War. Shi ne m cewa nan don ci gaba da labarin da babbar nasara da Rasha sojojin. Babu wani abu amma matattu yan'uwansu da m m mãsu bãyar da bãya, mu sojoji ba perepalo. Saboda haka, inda za mu fara daga 18th karni a cikin tarihi na Rasha?

prehistory

A waɗannan shekaru, Turai ya riga ya gudanar ya manta game da fadan da halaye na Rasha, sojoji. Hakika, akwai kuma kafin yakin na Yaren mutanen Poland da kuma Austria "wasiyya", amma duka biyu sau da kõre sojojin Rasha da taimakon kawayenta ne "m." Saboda haka, Potr Lassi a 1735 kulawa don isa da sosai gaba da Rhine, kuma Prince Repnin tawagar (shekaru 13 bayan da cewa) duk samu labarai na karshen tashin a lokacin Maris ta ƙasar Bohemia da Moravia. Kawai sa, da mai girma fadace a wadannan shekaru kamar wani abu bai yi aiki ba (an yi sa'a, ga sojoji).

Ra'ayi Friedrich jami'an

Wasu bayanai a kan sojojin Rasha daga Frederick II yana da fādawansa. A cikin lokaci a cikin sabis na Rasha Empire kunshi Kate treshka Fink, Manstein kuma Grant. Sun yi magana tare da babban condescension na da umurnin ma'aikatan na Rasha sojojin. Amma Frederick ya ba wani wawa ne, kuma mai yaki a kan biyu fronts a ya tsare-tsaren ba a hada. Duk abin da ya iya gani da yuwuwar na abokin sojojin, shlestyvayutsya da Rasha bai so.

Saboda haka ko da Lewald, wanda ya jagoranci yakin Gross-Egersdorf da Prussian gefe, da na sarki iko ya ba kawai don su yi yaƙi, amma kuma ga tattaunawar zaman lafiya. Bugu da kari, Friedrich tsananin azabta shi a hali na nasara a kan Rasha lallashe wadanda shi ga duniya. A nan ne kawai 18-karni a cikin tarihi na Rasha, da rashin alheri, shi yana da arziki, a cikin yakin.

Ra'ayi na Rasha gefen

A yanayi a sansanin Rasha (ciki har da jami'an) ya ci sarauta decadent: da invincibility na Frederick kawai Legends ba hada. Ya mai girma fadace riga gudanar ya karya da ruhun da waɗanda suke tare da shi ba ko da fara zuwa yãƙi!

Dabam-dabam haka daga gaba daya "m" Lehwaldt, Apraksin ya ba yar tsana, ana tilasta bayar da rahoton zuwa Petersburg kawai game da kowane kadan abu. A 1757, ya bai sani ba inda zai yi kai sojojin. "Strategy" fita daga birnin kan Neva, da dokoki, "Tafi cikin wannan hanya, don haka da cewa a cikin hali na bukatar tare da daidaita nasarar juya ko a Prussia, ko a Silesia." Great, abin da za ka ce ...

Jihar sojojin takaddama jam'iyyun

A May 1757 Apraksin sojojin fara da soja yaƙin neman zaɓe. The sojojin da aka hada da har zuwa dubu 100 da sojoji, da kuma 20,000 kasance a cikin motley mayakan. Army daga Livonia, je ga Niemen. Duk da yake cikin tawagar (20 dubu mutane), Janar-in-Chief Fermor precipitates Memel, tare da goyon bayan da Rasha jiragen ruwa. A karshe, a kan Yuni 25, da haihuwa style Memel aka dauka, bayan da yakin neman hukuma ta fara. Fieldmarshal Apraxin, shan babban sojojin, motsa a cikin shugabanci Verzhbolovo da Gumbinnen.

A lokaci guda, da soja Lewald kyau da suke ciyarwa lokaci shakatawa a rijiyar-nada mukamai a Vela. Domin Rasha mataki ya bi wani kananan sintiri tawagar. Amma lokacin da Prussian Field Marshal gano cewa Rasha abokin aiki, sõyayya da Fermor, 23 (12) Agusta, an fada a cikin shugabanci na gari Allenburg (Village of Friendship a Kaliningrad yankin), Lewald tarnhayar "hutu" kuma fuskanceshi da makiya, da niyyar ta je hari . Ya aka ba rikita batun da na karshe da nasarar da Rasha sojojin ...

Abin da suka a kan yanayin da ƙasa?

A karshen watan Agusta (sabon salon) Apraxin aikin mararraba na kogin Pregel gudãna kudu maso yammacin Norkitena. Bayan haka, shugaban sojojin yanke shawarar da hutu, zango tsakanin ruwa ya kwarara da kuma Pregel auxin (a tributary Preti). A wurin da aka zaba ba mai haɗari: Arewa gaba da wani yiwu husũma Pregel gudana, daga gabashin shugabanci da matsayi na sojojin Rasha aka rufe da auxin, a kudu maso yammacin wani m gandun daji, ta hanyar abin da asirce ciyar sojoji suna matsala. Shigar da sansanin iya kawai uku kananan en da ake daidai kare.

A dakaru kafa phalanx mika, kuma ta hagu flank kawai huta a auxin. Dake kusa Schlossberg castle. A fuka-fuki aka rufe doki, ayi a gaban kauyuka Veynoten. Mafi munin sashi yana zuwa hagu, wanda idan akwai wani hari ne kawai cikas a hanyar da babban hari na abokan gaba.

Saboda haka Apraksina sojojin tsaya kamar wata kwana, da kuma tawagar bayan duk wannan lokaci bai dame don yin wani m aiki, kasancewa a cikin duhu game da yadda makiya tayin da kuma da ƙarfi. Shi ne musamman wauta a cikin hasken da abin da yake a cikin zubar da kwamandan ya 16 dubu Rasha haske sojojin doki, wanda shi ne manufa domin bincike. Bugu da kari, a sansanin m yawa majalisar wanda nan da nan ya yi gargadin game da niyya Lehwaldt hari, da suka fara yakin Gross-Egersdorf. A ranar da aka sanshi a matsayin wani sosai musamman: safe watan Agusta 30th.

Game da bukatar m

Lewald, ba zato ba tsammani, da ya rigaya 29 ga watan Agusta samar da wani cikakken sikelin bincike ta hanyar aika da wannan manufa da zarar biyu sojojin: ƙanana da manyan. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na karshen, akwai da yawa kamar yadda 40 squadrons, shugaban wanda aka nada Janar Shorlemer. Duk da haka, Lehwaldt m. Alal misali, Shorlemer bai iya gane hagu flank na Rasha sojojin karkashin Zitenfelde. Just a wannan lokacin a cikin Zitenfelde aika wani kananan detachment jagorancin Laftanar-Janar Lieven. Akwai kuma shi ne na biyu division, wanda aka sanya wa umurnin Gaba-in-Chief Lopuchin.

Kawai sa, 30 ga watan Agusta, akwai wani halin da ake ciki na kirki na wasan kwaikwayo na m: biyu mai girma sojojin fara da yaƙi, ko da yake da shi bai sani ba wani daga cikin abokan yawan jama'a, ko da makamai.

Forces Rasha da kuma Prussian rundunar

Saboda haka, a cikin yakin Gross-Egersdorf da Prussians zo: 22 dakaru battalions da kuma 50 sojan doki squadrons. A total number - game da 25 ko 28 da mutane dubu. Manyan bindigogi goyon bayan da aka bayar to 35 filin bindigogi, "saita sautin" kawai biyu dozin nauyi bindigogi.

Apraksin 89 battalions umarci wani gauraye dakaru, hudu dozin bakinka grenadiers da kuma 46 squadrons na sojan doki zabe. "Tarbiya support" bayar sababbu haske sojojin doki. All karkashin Rasha filin marshal, akwai game 50-55 dubu sojoji. Gunners da kawai 154 regimental da kuma 79 filin bindigogi. Kamar mamaki zuwa Prussian talatin nauyi Shuvalovskie howitzers aka shirya.

Mutane da yawa Yammacin masana tarihi sun lura da girman kai da cewa da irin wannan Rasha magabaci a cikin maza, da manyan bindigogi zuwa "lashe kasance abin mamaki ba", kawai su gaba daya manta game da wasu daga cikin bayani: up to 40-50% na Rasha sojojin bai dauki bangare a cikin yaƙin, kasancewa (!) nasaba m umarni da ƙasa yanayi. Idan ba ga ƙarfin hali da sojoji da kuma jami'an, yakin Gross-Egersdorf zai iya zama wani almara misali na stupidest shan kashi.

Yadda aka yaƙi?

A yamma, 29 ga watan Agusta Apraksin ba sojojin da domin ya fara magana da sassafe. Kamar yadda wasu masana tarihi ce, ya bai amince da rahotanni na deserters da kuma yanke shawarar Punch hanyar fita daga cikin m pitfalls. Sauran su ne na ra'ayin cewa Field Marshal yi nufin ku yi yãƙi a cikin wani karin bude wuri (bai so Grosse Egersdorf), wanda su ne mafi alhẽri dace domin dawakan mataki. Da safe akwai wani ya faru: Rasha gaba raka'a su ne a siffantãwa mamaki, ba zato ba tsammani fuska da fuska tare da m ɓangare na Prussians.

A karshe zo kusa da sauri, da kuma kan kunkuntar gandun daji en samo asali hargitsi: maddened doki tattake mutanen, da kuma raya shiryayye iya yi kome don su taimaka wa gwarazansa mutuwa saboda tightness. A yakin Gross-Egersdorf.

Construction na Prussians

Gabatarwa Rasha ya da wani babban mamaki da kuma kai hari a Prussians: Lewald da shawarar da tafi sansaninsu, kuma bã ku yin yãƙi tare da miƙa tafiyar ginshikan. Kafin wannan dare Prussians bar su wuri kuma a 3.30 da safe ya fara da za a gina, da ciwon matsayin tunani batu kansa Gross Egersdorf. Makirci na yi ya kasance kamar haka: biyu tsakiyar Take bataliyan, biyu cover sãshinansu da bataliya da kuma wasu sojojin doki raka'a.

Kafin kowane flank uku manyan bindigogi batura, kowanne daga abin da shida bindigogi. A wannan lokaci, da Prussians bai gani da sojojin Rasha, amma da ji dokokin da drumbeat cewa yana komowa daga sansanin. The domin da aka bai wa yi a daidai 4,00 am. Rabin awa daga baya da Prussian sojojin ne a kan Maris, tare da ganguna yãƙi intruding a Rasha ƙasa. A daidai wannan lokaci, an samun lokacinta da kuma sojan doki a biyu sãshinansu da bãyayyakinsu. Da farko Battle of Gross-Egersdorf ɓullo da a cikin ni'imar da Prussians.

A farko nasarar da Prussians

Saboda da "mamaki factor" Prussians farko sa'a. 30 squadrons na sojan doki fatattake Rasha dawakan da tafi kai tsaye zuwa ga raya na dakaru, wanda aka located a Veynotena. Prince of Holstein, wanda shi ne shugaban da dama squadrons a wannan lokacin kai hare hare da wani haske sojojin doki, wanda aka tilasta tafi karkashin kariyar manyan bindigogi batura. Duk da haka, a lokacin da girma daga cikin dakaru suka riga suka taru, kuma, mukaddashin tare da na yau da kullum da sojan doki, gudanar ya karkatar da Prussians.

Babban duka fadi a kan Ƙungiyarku biyu Lopuchin. A nan ne mafi m yaki ya barke. Brigade Saltykov da Villebois, wanda da dama a kan cikakken ikon da Prussian sojoji, kai nauyi asarar. Villebois ya rasa kusan rabin ta sojoji, amma ba ƙarfin hali: hambararren a cikin gandun daji, ya ci gaba "karye", taya nauyi naushe Prussia. Bambanta da Gunners: aiko su da kere hannayensu, Shuvalovsky howitzers yi a Frederick babbar gibba sojojin. A general, da yawa daga cikin babbar nasara da Rasha sojoji suna yiwu daidai da masterful amfani da manyan bindigogi.

A tipping batu

A gefen da miyãgun ƙulle-fated yaƙi na gandun daji sa'an nan ya fara matsawa a cikin wani mummunan melee. Yana zo daga uku division ajiye da kuma nan da nan ta razana sojan doki Shorlemera, bayan da ya aka tilasta koma baya, dauke da babbar asarar. Holstein Prince yayi kokarin kai farmaki sake, amma na biyu harin da aka samu nasarar tsãwace. A wannan lokaci, na biyu Rasha division, ya miƙa da kuma zubar da jini, shi ne dangerously kusa da encirclement da kuma shan kashi. Matsayin kubutar da Manjo Janar PA Rumyantsev, buga da hudu sabo regiments na Prussia.

Wannan duka ya hukunci. A cikin duka da darajõji daga cikin Prussian echelons girma rikice cewa sauri jũya a cikin wani real tsoro da kuma rikice. Na biyu echelon ko ta yaya kulawa don rufe da manyan bindigogi da kuma bindiga wuta daga cikin sojojin na nasu a matsayin na farko line, sa'an nan ya fara wani stampede Prussians. Excellent tabbatar Shorlemera sojojin doki, mutanen da suka juya daga karkashin nauyi Rasha wuta, gudanar ya kwantar da ma'ana mãsu bãyar da bãya. Sauran sassa na Prussian sojojin gudu haka nasarar cewa su tarin dauki fiye da daya rana.

Saboda haka, abin da su ne sakamakon yakin da ya faru a shekara ta 1757? The yaki ya shigo ya fara tattara su na jini girbi: da Prussian gefe na asarar da aka kiyasta a 4.5 dubu mutane, mu dakarun sun rasa 5500. Kashe daga mu gefen sun kasance game da daya da rabi da dubu.

Mene ne sakamakon?

Apraksin, fatattakar Lehwaldt a bude yaƙi, ya behaves kamar yadda idan lashe ta Prussians. Prussian Field Marshal calmly kaiwa sojojin zuwa Vela. Apraksin guda, isa kamar a inda yaƙin ya zuwa na biyu bene na Prussian sojojin, ya aikata kome ba. Kawai ta 5 ga watan Satumba, sai ya rika onni yunkurin kai farmaki hagu flank Lehwaldt. The sannu wuraren, fifita su ci gaba da sojoji.

Rasha sojojin kasar za su hadu da shi a 1760, sa'ad da yake a Kwamandan Berlin, zai shirya da tsaro na babban birnin na Prussia a kan ayyuka na Rasha Janar Totleben.

A watan Agusta, Apraksin karshe cire daga kujerarsa kuma, tun sanya gaggawar da gaggãwa mararraba na Pregel, yana farawa da sauri koma baya ga Niemen. Tare da wani bata lokaci ba na wani mako, da Prussians fara kullum bi mu dakarun, su bi su har zuwa kan iyakar. Smallpox fara a cikin Rasha sojojin. Kalmyk mahayan dawakai sha wahala daga ta annoba irin asarar da aka tilasta su kõmo zuwa ga mahaifarsa.

Apraksin aka cire daga ofishin da kuma yanke masa hukumcin wata kotu, amma kafin ya rasu a bugun jini. A dalilai domin tsoro ja da baya ba a sani ba ga wannan rana. Yana yiwuwa cewa da ya tilasta wa shi wani umarni daga babban birnin kasar. Mun riga mun ambata cewa Field Marshal bai iya dauka m yanke shawara, kuma sun fahimci iyãkar alhakin irin wannan jirgin, don haka shi ne da wuya ya yanke shawara.