Ba'a da microevolution: Kamance da kuma bambance-bambance

Ba'a da microevolution bambanta a cewa na farko da lokaci ya bayyana canje-canje a cikin jinsin matakin, da kuma na biyu - supraspecific juyin halitta. Wadannan ma'anar ake kira komowar canji na jiki na dabba, adaptively yayi daidai da kewaye yanayi.

Me yi da sharuddan?

A kwatanta da bambance-bambance cikin sharuddan "Ba'a" da "microevolution" ya mamaye wani muhimmin wuri da girma da yanzu matakai. Dauki la'akari da lokaci da ake bukata don canja kwayoyin. Macroscopic Manuniya kunshi mahara microprocessors.

Ba'a da microevolution - a sa na events manyan zuwa fitowan na tsanaki kungiyoyin:

• Ƙungiyarku.
• haihuwa;
• iri, ko kuma sashen.
• iyalansu.

A duk wadannan kungiyoyin akwai kama: suka zo daga wannan jiha. A hankali adapting to da yanayi, da suka mutate kuma zama jũna ga asali form. Kuma da karin lokaci ya wuce, da mafi m bambanci tsakanin jinsunan.

A tsarin juyin halitta ne rashin komowar canji a cikin halitta kwayoyin, abu don samuwar wadannan jihohi:

• canza halittar jini.
• da samuwar karbuwa ga sabon yanayin rayuwa;
• da samuwar sabon nau'in.
• biogeocoenoses hira.
• bacewar riga data kasance jinsunan.
• canje-canje a cikin biosphere matsayin dukan.

Abin da ya sa da na ginin jumla da bambance-bambance na sharuddan?

Canza yawan mutum jinsunan take kaiwa zuwa gaskiyar cewa akwai Ba'a kuma microevolution. Bambance-bambance da ma'anar:

• A farko definition da ake amfani da su bayyana duniya nazarin halittu canje-canje. Wannan ya hada da samuwar Gwargwadon subspecies, amma shi ba zai iya fara ba tare da microevolution.
• Global matakai na Ba'a šauki dubun, daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru. A lokacin da nazarin halittu canje-canje a cikin microevolution ne dubban shekaru da haihuwa.

A ka'idar microevolution dauke da matakai da karbuwa da yawan zuwa canza muhalli da yanayi.

Sau da yawa kan aiwatar da ci gaban da jinsunan a lokaci guda shi ne aka bayyana a matsayin Ba'a kuma microevolution. Kamance da kuma bambance-bambance data kasance theories bukatar magana take da karatu sigogi a cikin ci gaban jinsin.

Karin bayanai na iri biyu

Daya iya ganin wannan tsari a cikin irin theories kamar yadda Ba'a kuma microevolution. Kwatanta iri biyu na ci gaba ba dalili don tunani game da manufa na daidaita shawara na nazarin halittu juyin halitta. A cikin tsohon harka, da samuwar sabuwar jera danginsu, jinsunan. A karo na biyu da irin wannan hukunci ne da za'ayi a ganowa maye gurbi, kwayoyin gantali, hijirarsa daga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Ka'idar macro- da microevolution su ne bisa samar da wani ra'ayi a cikin nazarin ci gaban da jinsunan, wanda damar wani cikakken bincike na dogon lokaci cigaban rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Kalmar "isolating dalilai" da ake amfani da su samu wani karin cikakken bayanin irin jinsin. Wadannan sun hada da yanayi shafi juyin halitta:

• canza kogin kwarara sa kifi da kuma sauran karkashin ruwa halittun daidaita da wa sabon yanayi.
• a kan m yanayin tsuntsaye tasiri cikin yunkuri na duniya ta ɓawon burodi, a lokacin da samuwar wani sabon dutsen iyaka.
• Global Warming qara yawan zafin jiki na teku igiyoyin da shafi rayuwa kamar yadda karkashin ruwa halittu da kuma dabbobi a nahiyoyi.

Don daidaita zuwa ga sabon yanayi, halittu masu rai bukatar mutate zuwa microevolution matakin.

Global canje-canje

Gwada manufar "Ba'a" da "microevolution", za mu iya kammala da cewa, sakamakon duniya canji dogara a kan wani sa na hatsarori da cewa faruwa a matakin kwayoyin. Kowane sannu a hankali a ci gaba aiwatar a wasu lokaci iya girma a cikin supermakroevolyutsiyu. Duk da haka, wannan shi ne lokaci mai tsawon lokaci.

A ka'idar Ba'a ake la'akari da dokokin na ci gaba da gudanar da duniya. za ka iya yin bayyanannu, kuma kowa yana da hoto na juyin canji na jinsin da ilimin kididdiga data. A bayyane yake delineated manyan trends da kuma kwatance, wanda da wuya a yi a lokacin da karatu kawai microevolution.

Misalai na duniya events

Ba'a ka'idar ya wadãtu da matakai wanzuwa ga miliyoyin shekaru. Wadannan sun hada da fitarwa vertebrate halittu a ƙasar, da miƙa mulki daga mutum zuwa tafiya a kan duk tun kimanin kafa biyu hali motsi. Wadannan abubuwan suna tare da gagarumin canje-canje a duka nau'in a gene matakin da externally. Domin samuwar sabon jinsin su ne ko da yaushe iri biyu na ci gaba faruwa: microevolution da kuma fadada. events kamance karya a gaskiyar cewa a key factor a cikin samuwar sabon nau'in kuma subspecies zama zabin yanayi. A lokacin da la'akari dukkan matakai a cikin wannan hanya don zana janar karshe game da alamu na juyin canji.

ciki canje-canje

Ba'a da microevolution ne interdependent. A farko duniya tsari za a iya modified da wadannan dalilai:

• Halitta bambantawa.
• kwayoyin canzawa ;
• Rufi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da shiryarwa mataki na zabin yanayi.

A ka'idar microevolution ya shafi al'amurran da suka shafi na canje-canje a cikin wani jinsin, a lokacin da wasu mutane zama shahararren jiki tsarin saboda wasu dalilai da kuma samar da wani sabon subspecies. Don rage wuya da rarrabuwa na events amfani da asali naúrar juyin halitta - da yawan jama'a.

Microevolutionary matakai na iya ci gaba da kadaici da mutum daga alƙarya, kadaici daga iyaye subspecies a raba jinsunan. Saboda haka na iya faruwa a lokacin da daya irin nazarin halittu yake ne zuwa kashi biyu raba daga juna, a jihar.

Misalan intraspecific events

By microevolution hada da wadannan abubuwan da suka faru:

• karbuwa na narkewa kamar tsarin hakori zuwa sabon poisons da kuma sunadarai (wannan tsari ne quite da sauri - kawai 'yan shekaru).
• canji a cikin gene pool na guda jinsin, wadda ake kira phyletic juyin halitta.
• microevolution za a iya samu a jinsuna daban: tsuntsaye da jemagu suna da fikafikai, kifi, da teku halittun - da ƙege da gills, a halittar dabba mai kafafuwa lura biyu.
• irin wannan matakai za a iya samu a cikin dabbobi rabu da juna ta hanyar din halaye: gills da kifi da lobster ko kaguwa, kuma mole crickets wata gabar jiki ne irin wannan a cikin tsarin da paws mole.
• wata gabar jiki dabbobi da suke zaune a itatuwa, irin wannan sifa da aiki.

Hanyoyi na ci gaba da nazarin halittu jinsunan

A definition na "nau'in" ya hada da wani m jerin Properties:

• Physiological, nazarin halittu da kuma physico-sinadaran sigogi.
• Mutane suna da damar da za su haifa.
• Yana da ikon daidaita zuwa wasu muhalli da yanayi.
• Mutane zauna a alkuki a cikin abinci sarkar.

sharudda ga iri kima ana amfani da micro- da kuma fadada:

1. Morphological.
2. Physiological.
3. Biochemical.
4. Kwayoyin.
5. Geographic.
6. Muhalli.

View nufin da karami kayyade naúra da kuma kwatanta da yawan jama'a, a lokacin da mutum daya ne iya Dede tare da wani. A lokaci guda canjawa wuri a wani bangare na nazarin halittu code for procreation. Wannan halitta sabon jinsi.

Don canja irin bukata dace da yanayi bayyana a ƙarƙashin rinjayar events: kadaici daga lalatattu yanayi, da dokokin zabin halitta ', maye gurbi da canji na wavy alƙarya.