Mene ne kudancin nahiyar a duniya

Idan ka tambaye ɗari da mutãnensa, "Mẽne ne kudancin nahiyar a duniya", dama, alas, iya amsa ba kowa da kowa. Don kore duk wani shakku ga wadanda basu sani ba da amsar wannan tambaya, wani ajiyar a lokaci daya, cewa kudancin nahiyar ne Antarctica. Yana da aka bude da mafi yawan 'yan daga cikin Duniya ta nahiyoyi.

A search na Antarctica

A zamanin d geographers da kuma matafiya da ake zargin cewa kudancin yammancin duniya dole ne su kasance mai girma a nahiyar. A lokacin da ya search for Australia da aka gano, wanda ya dade da aka dauke da wani bangare na wannan nahiyar. Daga baya, ya aka saba da tsibirin kusa Antarctica. Long kafin ta bude sa a gaba yawa shiriritar game da wanzuwar wani Kudu ƙasar. Don samun shi aiko da yawa expeditions, wanda zai iya kawai gane manyan tsibiran a kusa da nahiyar, amma ɓangaren duniya na dogon lokaci ba zai iya samun. A cikin binciken New Zealand James Cook aka samu cewa ba wani aikin tarin tsiburai kudancin nahiyar.

A kudancin nahiyar a duniya bude wani Rasha balaguro jagorancin F. F.Bellinsgauzena Janairu 28, 1820. A 1831-33, da Turanci Explorer George. Biscoe shiga jirgin ruwa a kusa da Antarctica. A cikin marigayi 19th karni sailing zuwa Antarctica koma saboda da kara bukatun whaling. A ƙarshen XIX karni zuwa tekun na babban yankin kankara na iyo da yawa expeditions: Norwegian, Scottish kuma Belgium.

A 1898-99 shekaru Borchgrevink ciyar da farko hunturu a kudancin babban yankin (Cape Adare). A wannan lokacin, ya ya iya bincika yanayin da ga ~ ar ruwan. Ya sa'an nan yanke shawarar komawa m don gano da fasali.

Da bude daga cikin karni na 20th

A cikin karni na 20th, da nazarin coldest kusurwa na duniya ci gaba. A 1901-04 ta tafiya zuwa kudancin nahiyar (photo wanda za ka iya gani a sarari a kasa) sanya ta R. Scott. Cikin jirgin "Discovery" ya zo da gaba da Ross Sea. A sakamakon da balaguro Larabawa Edward kuma Ross Ice da aka bude. Scott ya ma iya tattara bayanai a kan fannin binciken kasa, ma'adanai, Flora da fauna da Antarctica.

A 1907-09 shekaru da Turanci Explorer Shackleton so don samun a kan seleji ga Kudu iyakacin duniya, bude hanya ga daya daga cikin mafi girma a glaciers - Beardmore gleiser. Amma saboda sakamakon mutuwar seleji karnuka da ponies ya yi jũya kafin kai da iyakacin duniya 178 km.

A farko wanda ya iya isa Kudu iyakacin duniya, ya mai Norwegian iyakacin duniya Explorer R. Amundsen (Disamba 1911). Kamar wata daya daga bisani zuwa Arewa iyakacin duniya ya isa kungiyar karkashin jagorancin Scott. Duk da haka, a kan hanyar da baya, kafin kai 18 km zuwa ga tushe sansanin, da balaguro a ƙarfinsa halaka. Jikinsu da kuma tsarin sautinsu samu kawai 8 watanni baya.

Great taimako ga nazarin Antarctica Ya sanya wani Australian a fanning binciken kasa D. Mawson, ya tsara a kan 200 Gwargwadon abubuwa (ƙasar, Princess Elizabeth, Queen Mary, Mac Robertson da sauransu).

A 1928, kudancin nahiyar a duniya da jirgin sama, ya ziyarci Amirka na iyakacin duniya mai bincike da kuma matukin jirgi R. Baird. Daga 1928 zuwa 1947, a karkashin shugabancinsa, 4 expeditions aka za'ayi, wanda ke haifar da ayyuka a seismological, ma'aunan kasa da sauran karatu. Masana kimiyya ma gano a Antarctica ne manyan adibas na ci.

bincike tashoshin

A 40-50 shekaru a garin kankara nahiyar fara haifar da wani bincike tashar da wani tushe don Coastal Research. A wannan lokacin ya kasance game da 60 dangane da tashoshin cewa ya kasance a cikin kasashe 11.

Tun da marigayi '50s a cikin tekuna cewa wanke ɓangaren duniya, rayayye gudanar da Oceanic aiki, da za'ayi Geophysical safiyo a kan nahiyar tsit tashoshin, ta gudanar da wani balaguro m. A shekarar 1959 an rattaba hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya a kan kasa da kasa Antarctica, wanda ya gudummawar da nazari na kankara nahiyar. A shekarar 1965, akwai aka bude "Mirny" Soviet Observatory. A nesa na 1400 km daga bakin tekun shi aka kafa wata bincike da tashar Tarayyar Soviet - "Gabas". "Lazarev", "Novolazarevskaya", "Komsomolskaya" debe 88.3 C, da kuma talakawan Agusta zafin jiki a cikin wannan yanki shi ne debe 71 C. Daga baya Antarctica kudancin nahiyar Soviet a bayansa da dama tashoshin - cewa rikodin low zazzabi da aka rubuta a cikin yankin na tashar , "Leningrad", "matasa." Yanzu, a kan coldest iyakacin duniya a shekara aika daban-daban expeditions.

Halaye na nahiyar

Coldest nahiyar ta'allaka ne gaba ɗaya a kudancin yankin, shi ne ake kira da Antarctic (daga Girkanci "anti" na nufin "da"), cewa shi ne, shi ne da mafi arewacin yankin na Duniya - Arctic.

Wanne nahiyar yana da tsarawa? A kudancin nahiyar ne a cikin 48-60 digiri Yu.Sh. Its yankin tare da kankara shelves - 13 975 000 murabba'in mita. m. girman ƙasa da nahiyar m 16.355 sq. m. M. A mafi arewacin tip - Cape Sifre, shi ne sosai tsawo da kuma kunkuntar, mikewa daga wajen kudancin Amurka.

babban yankin Center aka conventionally da ake kira "iyakacin duniya na inaccessibility", shi ne located game da 660 km daga Kudu iyakacin duniya. A tsawon bakinta - 30 thous. Km.

taimako

Muna ci gaba da karatu da sanyi nahiyar a cikin mafi daki-daki. A kudancin nahiyar ne zuwa kashi biyu zones: tushen da kuma kankara. Hinterland na Antarctica shagaltar da glacial Filato da ke daga karkata daga cikin babban yankin a cikin lebur, sa'an nan a cikin wani m undulating gangara. Fiye da wuya ƙasa na jihar bakin teku zones: ne m yankunan da kankara takardar da fasa da sararin filayen kankara shelves a kan abin da za ka iya ganin kankara iyakoki. Antarctica - shi ne ba kawai mafi kudancin nahiyar na duniya, amma kuma mafi. A matsakaicin tsayi da surface - 2040 m, wanda shi ne kusan sau uku mafi girma daga matsakaicin tsayi da sauran nahiyoyi.

Bambance-bambance a topography lura a cikin gabashi da yammacin nahiyar. Gabas Antarctica - yana da kankara takardar, wanda yakan steeply daga Coast da kuma m, ya zama a fili. A tsakiyar yankin ne a Filato cewa isa 4000 m, an dauke da kankara raba. A West Antarctica ne uku glaciation cibiyar da tsawo daga 2.5 dubu. Mita. Tare da bakin tekun lullube karkarar kankara shelves. A mafi duwãtsu: Kerpatrik (4530 m) da kuma tsaro (5140 m).

ma'adanai

So mu koyi ƙarin bayani game da babban yankin? A kudancin nahiyar shi ne mai arziki a cikin adibas tama, kwal, graphite, dutse crystal, da zinariya, da uranium, jan, Mika, da azurfa. Duk da haka, domin su gudanar da hakan ma'adinai ayyukan wuya saboda m kankara sheet. Amma a cikin wani akwati Antarctic subsoil al'amurra ne sosai high.

sauyin yanayi

A sauyin yanayi ne sanyi na iyakacin duniya nahiyar da kuma nahiyar. Duk da cewa na iyakacin duniya dare a Antarctica yana watanni da dama, da shekara-shekara total kashi na radiation ne kusan daidai da radiation sigogi a Equatorial zone.

Mene ne kudancin nahiyar, muna samu. Amma duk da wurinta a kudancin yammancin duniya, shi ne a nan cewa akwai wani sanyi iyakacin duniya na duniya. A shekarar 1960, "Vostok" tashar da aka rubuta zazzabi - 88,3 C. The talakawan hunturu zazzabi - daga - 60 C zuwa - 70 C, da kuma a lokacin rani - daga -30 C zuwa -50 C. Near jihar bakin teku ma'aunin zafi da sanyio ba yakan sama 10-12 digiri. A cikin hunturu a kan tekun ne game da - 8 C. The sanyi iska talakawa sun mayar da hankali a cikin tsakiyar yankunan na Antarctica, samar da katabatic iskõki, wanda suke kashe bakin tekun na isa sosai high gudu, sau da yawa su ma juya a cikin guguwa. Yanayi na faruwa da wuya da kuma kawai a cikin nau'i na snow. Zafi - ba fiye da 5%.

Flora da fauna

Yana tabbatar da cewa da yawa da suka wuce a kan wannan nahiyar da aka ba har abada hunturu. Yana da aka dumi, da koguna da tabkuna ba daskare. Yanzu, duk da haka, Flora da fauna a cikin wannan yankin ne sosai bambance bambancen. Ciyayi na Antarctica - a lichen, blue-kore algae da mosses. A dabbobi nan an samu winged kwari, ruwa tare kifi, terrestrial dabbobi masu shayarwa. A jihar bakin teku yankunan, nesting penguins, skuas, petrels, da kuma rayuwa a cikin tẽku damisa like da kuma like.

South America

Idan ka yi imani da cewa South America - kudancin babban yankin, to, kai ne ba daidai ba. An located a Kudancin kuma a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere. A nahiyar an haɗa zuwa Amirka ta Arewa da Isthmus of Panama, a gabas ta cikin tekun Atlantic, kuma zuwa yamma - da Pacific. Its yankin - 17.8 miliyan murabba'in mita. km. (The hudu mafi girma a nahiyar). Yana bautarka 13% na ƙasar. A tsawon South America daga arewa zuwa kudu - 7350 km, daga gabas zuwa yamma - game da 4900 km.

A nahiyar ne zuwa kashi 6 yanayin yankunan:

1. Andes dutsen tsarin (gudanar da dukan tsawon gabar yammacin kasar).
2. Brazil da Guiana tsaunuka
3. Pool Orinoco (low-maƙaryaciya rabo tsakanin Guiana Filato da kuma Venezuela Andes).
4. Amazon filayen kwari (kara daga tsaunukan Andes na zuwa cikin tekun Atlantic).
5. Filayen Paraguay, Bolivia da kuma Pampa Chaco.
6. Patagonia tudu.

The most da kuma mafi yawan birnin a kudancin Amirka: Santiago, Buenos Aires, Lima, Sao Paulo, Bogota, Rio de Janeiro, Caracas.

da nahiyar

Mene ne m nahiyar na dogon lokaci ya yi yaƙi domin 'yancin? A 16th karni, South America aka karkashin mulkin mallakar kasar Spain. The Dutch, da Portuguese, Birtaniya sun musamman aiki ne kawai a arewa maso gabashin. Na dogon lokaci, zaki ya share na nahiyar an kasashen waje ƙasa na Spanish Empire. Kebewa daga Spanish protectorate faru a farkon karni na 19th a sakamakon wani mummunan yaki don samun 'yancin kai. A ƙabilun South America ne wani saje na India yawan jama'a, da Spanish, da sauran} asashen Turai, da kuma ta Arewa Amirkawa.

Mafi yawa daga cikin jihohin da aka located a kasar, an halin rauni ci gaban tattalin arziki. Duk da haka, wasu daga cikinsu suna gane ta m masana'antu iko.

Australia

Kudu ɓangaren duniya Australia ne game da 5% na surface na duniya. Kamar Antarctica, shi ne gaba ɗaya a cikin Southern Hemisphere. An sau da yawa ake kira "kore nahiyar". Area ɓangaren duniya - 7.659.861 sq. km. Yana lullube daga arewa zuwa kudu - 3700 km, kuma daga gabas zuwa yamma - game da 4000 km. A ƙirin - 35 877 km. Mai karko tekun na nahiyar wajen m. A mafi karko yankunan - kudanci da arewacin tekun.

Australia an wanke ta da India da kuma Pacific teku, kazalika da teku: Tasman, Coral da kuma Timor. Ba da nisa daga babban yankin ne tsibirin Tasmania, kazalika da tsibirin New Guinea. A gabashin bakin tekun ne na musamman Great Shamaki Reef (a kunya da murjani reefs da kuma tsibiran, ta tsawon shi ne 2300 km). Tsakanin gaba na Australia da kuma Shamaki Reef ne da ake kira Big Kota, da zurfin 100 m, shi ne da kariya daga teku igiyar ruwa.

weather

Yanzu bari mu dubi da sauyin yanayi na kudancin nahiyoyi, kuma a cikin abin da ya faru na Australia. Kusan kashi uku na da karkararta ne shagaltar da Hamada da kuma Semi-Hamada. Northern yankunan su ne a yammacin sahara, a kudu maso yammacin ɓangare na Rum sauyin yanayi, kuma a kudu-maso-gabas da kuma a tsibirin Tasmania - a matsakaici.

Me muke da shi a nan, a karshen? Mene ne kudancin nahiyar? Yanzu za ka iya amince cewa shi ne sanyi, kuma kusantuwa Antarctica. Australia ma, shi ne gaba ɗaya a cikin Southern Hemisphere, amma nesa daga nahiyar zuwa garin kankara nahiyar ne da dama kilomita dubu.