Arewa maso gabashin Rasha: sarauta, al'adu, tarihi da kuma ci gaban da yankin

Don sanin da na sarari mulkokin kungiyar Rus zaunar tsakanin Volga da Oka a IX-XII ƙarni, masana tarihi da aka soma a cikin yin amfani da Kalmar "Arewa-Eastern Rasha". Yana nufin da ƙasar kwance cikin Rostov kuma Suzdal, Vladimir. M sun ma synonymous sharuddan, nuna da jam'iyya na jiha Tsarin cikin shekaru daban-daban - "Rostov-Suzdal", "Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta," da kuma "The Grand Duchy na Vladimir." A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XIII Rasha, wanda aka kira da North-East, a gaskiya daina wanzuwa - cewa sun gudummawar da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru.

Grand shugabannai Rostov

All uku na sarauta na arewa maso gabashin Rasha sun tattara ganimar Asusun guda ƙasar, canza a tsawon shekaru amma babban birnin kasar da kuma mahukunta. A farko birni da za a gina a cikin wadannan sassa, ya kasance Rostov, a cikin tarihin ambaci shi kwanan baya zuwa 862 BC. e. Kafin yazo ya kafa kabilu zauna a nan Meria, da kuma duk na ga Finno-Ugric al'ummai. Slavic kabilu irin wannan hoto ya ba da rai, da kuma suka - krivichi, vyatichi, Ilmen Slovenes - sun kasance rayayye mallakeku ƙasar.

Bayan samuwar Rostov, wanda yana daga cikin biyar manyan biranen karkashin mulkin sarkin Kiev, Oleg, Ambaton Meria da kauyuka sun m iya bayyana a cikin records. Wasu lokaci Rostov mulki proteges na Kievan shugabanninmu, amma a 987 da sarauta riga mulki Yaroslav Mudry - dan Vladimir, sarkin Kiev. Tare da 1010-th - Boris. Har 1125, a lokacin da babban birnin kasar da aka canjawa wuri daga Rostov zuwa Suzdal sarauta shige shi hannu da hannu da shi wurin shugabanni na Kiev, shi ya da kansa shugabanni. Mafi shahara Rostov sarakuna - Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky - sun yi yawa ga ci gaban da Arewa-Eastern Rasha, ya haifar da ci gaba na wannan ƙasa, amma nan da nan guda Dolgoruky koma cikin babban birnin kasar zuwa Suzdal, inda ya yi mulki har 1149. Amma suka gina yawa gidãje da majami'u a cikin style of guda serf tsarin da mai nauyi rabbai, da squat. Lokacin da Dolgoruky wajen raya rubuta da harshen, arts da sana'o'i.

Legacy Rostov

Rostov darajar ya, duk da haka, quite muhimmanci ga tarihi na waɗanda shekara. A tarihin 913-988 shekaru. kowa magana "Rostov ƙasar" - wani yanki mai arziki a cikin wasan, crafts, handicrafts, da itace da dutse gine. The 991 ne daya daga cikin tsofaffin dioceses a Rasha - Rostov - An kafa a nan shi ne ba ta hanyar kwatsam. A wannan lokaci, birnin kuwa shi ne cibiyar da sarauta daga Arewa maso gabas Rasha, ya jagoranci m cinikayya da sauran ƙauyuka a Rostov rũgũguwar fita sana'a, magina, gunsmiths ... All Rasha sarakuna kokarin da ingantaccen sojojin. A ko'ina, musamman a cikin m daga Kiev ƙasashe, ciyar da wani sabon addini.

Bayan motsi Yuriya Dolgorukogo a Suzdal Rostov yayin Izyaslav Mstislavovich dokoki, amma sannu a hankali rinjayar birnin karshe sun ɓãci, kuma ya fara a cikin tarihin ambaci musamman rare. Cibiyar Duchy rabin karni canjawa wuri zuwa Suzdal.

A mulkin gargajiya nobility gina gidajen qasaita wa kansu, yayin da 'yan sana'a da kuma manoma languished a katako bukkoki. Gidajensu kamar cellars, iyali abubuwa sun kasance mafi yawa na katako. Amma a lit dakuna Lucin haife yarda da juna, da tufafi, luxuries. Duk da cewa da aka sani, huda da kuma yadda za a yi ado da hasumiya, da yin hannun manoma, da kuma sana'a. Wonderful al'adu na Arewa maso gabas Rasha an halitta a karkashin thatched katako bukkoki.

Rostov-Suzdal

A lokacin gajeren lokaci har da cibiyar na Arewa maso gabas Rasha da shi ya Suzdal sarauta yana sarauta a duk uku na yarima. Bugu da kari ga shaidun kotu, da 'ya'yansa - cornflowers Yu da kuma Andrew Yu, lakabi Bogolyubsky, sa'an nan, bayan canja wuri na babban birnin kasar zuwa Vladimir (a 1169) a Suzdal shekara mulki Mstislav Rostislavovich Bezoky, amma musamman rawar da yake takawa a Rasha tarihi. Dukan sarakuna na arewa maso gabashin Rasha ya sauko daga Rurik, amma ba kowa da kowa ya mai cancanci irin.

A sabon babban birnin kasar na sarauta na Rostov ya dan kadan ƙaramin da kuma asali ake magana a kai a matsayin Suzhdal. An yi imani da cewa birnin samu sunanta ne daga kalmar "huta", ko "gina". A karo na farko bayan da samuwar Suzdal ya kagara castle kuma gudana ya'yan sarakuna gwamnoni. A farkon shekaru na XII karni can ya kasance da wasu ci gaban birnin, yayin da ci gaban da sannu a hankali, amma lalle ragewa. Kuma a cikin 1125, kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da Yuri Dolgoruky bar zarar babban Rostov.

Lokacin da Yuri, wanda aka fi sani da ya kafa Moscow, akwai sauran muhimmanci ga tarihin Rasha taron. Saboda haka, shi ne a zamanin mulkin Dolgoruky arewa maso gabashin sarauta suka ware daga Kiev har abada. A babbar rawar a cikin wannan da aka buga da kuma daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Yuri - Andrew Bogolyubskii cewa alfarma patrimony kaunace uba kuma ba zai iya kwatanta kaina ba tare da ita.

Yaki da manyansu da kuma zabi na sabon babban birnin na Rasha

Plans Yuriya Dolgorukogo, a cikin abin da ya ga 'yan'uwansa maza, shugabannin kudancin mulkokin, da kuma matasa - Masters Rostov kuma Suzdal, kuma bai zo gaskiya. Amma rawar da suka taka shi ne a cikin wasu hanyoyi da aka fi muhimmanci. Saboda haka, Andrew ya sanar da kansa a matsayin mutum mai hikima mai nisa-gani m. Ya mugun hali digãdigansa, to dauke da mambobi na kwamitin manyansu, amma a nan Bogolyubskii bayyana su nufin by motsi da babban birnin kasar daga Suzdal zuwa Vladimir, sa'an nan ya dauki kansa Kiev a 1169.

Duk da haka, babban birnin kasar Kievan Rus ba janyo hankalin wannan mutumin. Bayan lashe duka biyu cikin birnin da kuma sunan "Grand Duke", ya ba su zauna a Kiev, da kuma dasa a shi da gwamnan ƙanensa Gleb. Rostov kuma Suzdal, ya kuma dauki wani qananan rawa a cikin tarihi na waɗanda shekara, kamar yadda a wannan lokacin babban birnin na Arewa maso gabas Rasha ya Vladimir. Wannan birni Andrei ya zaɓi gidansa a 1155, tun kafin ci na Kiev. Daga kudancin mulkoki, inda ya yi mulki don wani lokaci, sai ya kawo wa Vladimir da icon na Uwar Allah na Vyshgorod, wanda aka sosai girmama.

A zabi na babban birnin kasar ya kasance mai nasara: kusan shekara ɗari biyu, birnin da aka gudanar dabino a Rasha. Rostov kuma Suzdal aka ƙoƙarin sake samu tsohon daukaka, amma ko da bayan mutuwa na Andrew, wanda yawan shekaru a matsayin Grand Duke aka gane a kusan duk Rasha nata, sai dai cewa Chernigov da Galic, ba su yi nasara ba.

infighting

Bayan rasuwar Andreya Bogolyubskogo Suzdal da Rostov faɗa wa 'ya'yan Rostislav Yurevich - Yaropolk da Mstislav - a cikin bege cewa su mulki zai koma birni don ta tsohon daukaka, amma dogon-jiran daidaituwa na Arewa maso gabas Rasha ya zo ba.

Vladimir mulki ƙaramin 'ya'yan Yuriya Dolgorukogo - Mikhalkov da Vsevolod. By lokacin da sabon babban birnin kasar ya da yawa ƙarfafa muhimmancin. Andrew ya yi mai girma da yawa da suke yi: nasarar ɓullo da wani shiri, a lokacin mulkinsa aka gina sanannen Cathedral na ɗauka, ya nẽme kafa wararriyar archdiocese a cikin sarauta zuwa da kuma raba daga Kiev.

Arewa maso gabas Rasha a zamanin mulkin Bogolyubsky ya zama cibiyar daidaituwa na Rasha asashe, da kuma daga baya da tsakiya da babban Rasha jihar. Bayan rasuwar Andrew na Smolensk, kuma Ryazan sarakuna Mstislav da Jaropolk - da yara na daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Dolgoruky Rostislav yunkurin kama iko a Vladimir, amma su gwaggwanninku Michael kuma Vsevolod kasance mafiya ƙarfi. Bugu da kari, su aka goyan bayan da Prince Chernigovskiy Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. Yakin basasa dade fiye da shekaru uku, bayan da Vladimir kulla da matsayi na babban birnin North-East na Rasha, bar, da kuma Suzdal, Rostov da kuma gādo ƙarƙashin mulkoki.

Daga Kiev zuwa Moscow

Arewa maso gabashin ƙasashen Rasha totaled da lokaci mai yawa a garuruwa da kauyuka. Saboda haka, sabon babban birnin kasar da aka kafa a 990 da Vladimirom Svyatoslavovichem kamar yadda Vladimir-on-Klyazma. Wasu shekaru ashirin bayan ta kafa, birnin, wani ɓangare na Rostov-Suzdal sarauta, ba sa da yawa moriya daga mulki sarakuna (har zuwa 1108). A wannan lokaci, shi ya ɗauki up da tabbatarwa daga wani basarake - Vladimir Monomakh. Ya aka bayar da birni da matsayi na reference batu na arewa maso gabashin kasar Rasha.

A gaskiya wannan karamin kauye ƙarshe zai zama babban birnin na Rasha asashe, ba juna biyu na kowa. Sai da na ɗauki tsawon wasu shekaru kafin Andrew ya kusantar da hankali ga shi kuma ya koma cikin babban birnin kasar da ya sarauta, wanda zai zama shi domin kusan shekara ɗari biyu.

Tun daga nan, da Grand Duke na Vladimir fara da za a kuwa ɗaukaka, maimakon Kiev, da tsoho babban birnin na Rasha ya rasa ta rawa, amma ban sha'awa a cikin shi ba a rasa a tsakanin ma'aikatansa. Shirya Kiev da daukakar girmama kowane. Amma daga tsakiyar XIV karni da zarar karkata daga birnin Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta - Moscow - sannu a hankali, amma lalle fara tashi. Vladimir guda kamar yadda a lokacin Rostov kuma Suzdal, sa'an nan - to rasa da tasiri. Ya ba da gudummawar da yawa don motsawa zuwa ga fari-dutse na Lardi Bitrus a 1328. Shugabannin arewa maso gabashin Rasha suka yi jihãdi a tsakãninsu, kuma da Moscow da kuma Tver shugabanni yi da mafi kyau ga lashe Vladimir amfani da babban birnin na Rasha asashe.

A ƙarshen XIV karni da aka alama ta gaskiya cewa gida masu da dama da za a kira Grand Duke na Moscow, don haka Moscow amfani a kan wasu birane suka bayyana. Grand Duke Vladimir Dmitry Donskoy karshe sa take, bayan dukan sarakuna na Rasha sun girmama Grand Duke na Moscow. Kamar wancan ƙare da ci gaban da Arewa-Eastern Rasha matsayin mai zaman kanta, ko da overriding da sarauta.

Hudamah da zarar iko sarauta

Bayan ya koma Moscow Lardi Vladimir sarauta da aka raba. Vladimir Suzdal sarakuna mika Alexander, Veliky Novgorod da Kostroma dauki karkashin mulkin da Prince of Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita. Yury Dolgoruky har yanzu so su aiwatar da ƙungiyar na arewa maso gabashin kasar Rasha tare da Novgorod da Great - a karshen, shi ya yi, amma ba ga tsawo.

Bayan rasuwar Suzdal Prince Alexander, a 1331, da ƙasarsa ya wuce zuwa sarakunan Moscow. Kuma shekaru 10 baya, a cikin 1341-m, karkarar tsohon Arewa-Eastern Rasha aka sake redistribution: Nizhny Novgorod tafi Suzdal kamar yadda Gorodets, Vladimir da sarauta ta ko da yaushe wanzuwa Moscow shugabanni, wanda a wannan lokaci, kamar yadda aka ambata riga, kuma sa Great title. Kamar haka ya tashi da Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal sarauta.

Trekking a Arewa maso Gabas Rus sarakuna daga kudu da kuma tsakiyar kasar, da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka, da gudummawar kadan ga ci gaban al'adu da kuma zane-zane. Amma duk da haka a ko'ina don gina sabon temples a cikin zane da amfani da mafi kyau dabaru na zane-zane da kuma sana'o'i. Ya Halicci kasa makaranta na icon zanen da halayyar da lokaci da haske m ado, a hade tare da Byzantine zanen.

Land-grabbing Rasha mangolawa

Mutane da yawa tsautsayi mutanen Rasha sun kawo yakin basasa, kuma suka yi jihãdi a tsakãninsu shugabannin lokaci, amma mafi tsanani wahala ya zo mangolawa a watan Fabrairu 1238. Da dukan da Arewa-Eastern Rasha (birni na Rostov, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal, Uglich, Tver) da aka ba kawai fatattakakkun - ta kusan ƙone zuwa ga ƙasa. The sojojin Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich aka karya detachment Temnik Burundi, yarima mutu, da ɗan'uwansa Yaroslav Vsevolod da aka tilasta mu sallama wa duk taro. Mongol-Tatars kawai ƙa'ida gane shi a matsayin mafi dukan Rasha shugabanninmu, a gaskiya, duk sun refueled. A zaben fatattakar Rasha kawai gudanar ya tsira da Great Novgorod.

A 1259, Alexander Nevsky ya ƙidaya a Novgorod, ya ɓullo da dabarun da gwamnatin da kuma a cikin kowane yiwu hanyar arfafa matsayinsu. Bayan shekaru uku, a Yaroslavl, Rostov, Suzdal Pereyaslavl da Vladimir aka kashe da masu karɓar haraji, da Arewa maso gabas Rasha sake zo tsaya cak yayin a jira na kai hari da halaka. Wannan punitive awo aka kauce masa - Alexander Nevsky da kaina tafi zuwa ga taro da kuma gudanar da su hana matsala, amma ya mutu a kan hanyar dawo. Wannan ya faru a 1263. Kawai rundunarsa gudanar da tsare wasu mutunci Vladimir sarauta bayan mutuwar Alexander, shi m up a cikin m fiefdoms.

A kwata 'yanci na Rasha daga karkiyar da Tatars, Tarurrukan arts da kuma al'adu cin gaban

Ban tsoro shi ke an shekaru ... A hannu daya - da mamayewa na arewa maso gabashin kasar Rasha, a kan sauran - akwai ci gaba da gumurzu tsira mulkoki for mallaki sabon asashe. Sha wahala duka: da shugabanni da kuma talakawansu. Liberation daga Mongol khans kawai zo a 1362. Rasha-Lithuanian sojojin karkashin umurnin Duke Algirdas ci Tatars, wuce duk wadannan warlike makiyaya daga Vladimir-Suzdal, Muscovy, Pskov yankin da kuma Novgorod yankin.

A shekaru ciyar karkiyar da abokan gaba, yana m sakamakon: da al'adun Arewa-Eastern Rasha ya zo da cikakken tsaya. A lalata na birane, da lalata majami'u, da halakar da wani babban bangare na al'ummar da kuma, kamar yadda wani sakamako - asarar wasu irin sana'o'i. A biyu da rabi ƙarni tsaya da al'adu da kuma kasuwanci ci gaban jihar. Mutane da yawa Monuments na katako da dutsen da gine-gine da aka kashe a cikin wuta ko sun kasance a cikin taro. da yawa daga cikin dabarun da gine da aka rasa, slesarstva da kuma sauran sana'o'i. Mutane da yawa da aka rubuta records sun bace ba tare da wata alama, tarihin, Arts and Crafts, zanen zo zuwa cikakken tsaya. Sai da na ɗauki kusan rabin karni warke kadan cewa ya iya ajiye. Amma ci gaban sabon iri craft tafi da sauri.

Mutane ta fatattakakkun ƙasashe gudanar ya kula da musamman shaidar dan kasa da kuma soyayya ga tsoho al'adu. A wasu hanyoyi, da shekaru dangane da Tatars sun dalilin fitowan da sabon nau'i na zane-zane da kuma crafts na Rasha.

Unity na amfanin gona da kuma ƙasar

Bayan samun 'yanci daga karkiyar mafi Rasha sarakuna suka zo suka ga m ga su yanke shawara da kuma bayar da shawarwari da ƙungiyar dũkiyõyinsu a cikin guda jihar. Cibiyoyin na abu akan sake haihuwa da kuma 'yanci da kuma Rasha al'ada fara Novgorod da Pskov ƙasar. A nan ne aka drained daga kudanci da kuma tsakiyar yankunan na aiki-shekaru, yawan, kawo tare da su da haihuwa hadisai da al'adunsu, rubuce-rubuce, gine. Na bayar da muhimmanci a cikin daidaituwa na Rasha da ƙasashe Tarurrukan al'adu ya kasance da tasiri na Moscow sarauta, wanda yana da yawa daga cikin takardun na tsufa, littattafai, art.

A yi na birane da kuma haikalin, kuma kufaifan. Tver ne watakila na farko a birnin a arewa maso gabashin kasar Rasha, inda dutse yi ya fara. Muna magana ne game da gina coci na Transfiguration a cikin style of Vladimir-Suzdal gine. A kowane birni, tare da tsaron gida Tsarin aka gina majami'u da kuma gidajen lama na Mai-Ceto a zub da yl, Bitrus da Bulus a wani majemi, Basil a kan Hill a Pskov Epiphany a Zapskove da yawa wasu. Tarihi na Arewa maso gabas Rasha da aka nuna da kuma ci gaba a cikin wadannan gine-gine.

Zanen farfado Feofan Grek, Daniil Cherny da Andrei Rublev - sanannen Rasha icon painters. Jagora mai yin kayan ado ta sake da rasa kayayyakin tarihi, da yawa sana'a yi aiki a kan maido da ma'adanin na samar da kasa iyali abubuwa, kayan ado, tufafi. Da yawa daga cikin shekaru daban-daban ya zo mu kwana.