Space Jigila "Challenger" (photo). Masifa jigila "Challenger"

Space - airless sarari inda zafin jiki ne har zuwa -270 ° C. A irin wannan yanayi m, mutane ba za su tsira ba, don haka 'yan saman jannati suna ko da yaushe risking rayukansu, sunã gaggãwa zuwa cikin unknown sĩlĩli baƙi daga sararin samaniya. A kan aiwatar da nazarin halittu akwai mutane da yawa bala'i da cewa sun riya da dama rayuwarsu. Wata irin wannan ban tausayi turakun a tarihin astronautics ya mutuwar sarari jigila "Challenger", wanda ke haifar da duk ma'aikatan jirgin sun mutu.

A takaice game da jirgin

A 1967, {asar Amirka NASA kaddamar billionth shirin "Space Transport System". A cikin ta tsarin, a 1971 shi ya fara yi na reusable kumbon sama jannati - Space jigila (English Space Jigila, wanda a zahiri fassara a matsayin "sarari jigila"). Yana da aka shirya cewa wadannan shuttles ne kamar shuttles gudu tsakanin Duniya da sararin samaniya, tanã fita zuwa tsawo na 500 km. Da suka kamata su zama da amfani ga ceto na payloads zuwa orbital tashoshin, yi da zama dole shigarwa da kuma gine-gine, bincike.

Daya daga cikin wadannan jiragen ruwa shi ne sarari jigila "Challenger" - wani biyu sarari jigila gina a kan wannan shirin. A watan Yuli 1982, ya aka canjawa wuri zuwa NASA a cikin aiki.

Its sunan da aka ba a daraja na wani seagoing jirgin, suka yi karatu cikin teku a cikin 1870s. A nassoshi da aka jera a matsayin NASA OV-99 na'ura.

History of jirgin

A watan Afrilu 1983 da farko sarari jigila "Challenger" ya tashi shekara zuwa fara translational tauraron dan adam. A watan Yuni na wannan shekara, na fara sake don a-kewayewa bayarwa na biyu sadarwa da tauraron dan adam da kuma gudanar da pharmaceutical gwaje-gwajen. Daya daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin ya ta farko American mace a sarari Sally Kristen Ride.

Agusta 1983 - da uku jigila jefa da farko dare a cikin tarihi na Amirka sarari shirin. A sakamakon haka, da sarari suKe sadarwa da tauraron dan adam Insat-1B da kuma gwada Canadian jan kafar "Canadarm" da aka kaddamar. Ofishin Jakadancin duration ya 6 kwana tare da kadan.

A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1984, da jigila "Challenger" haura sake cikin sarari, amma da manufar kau da biyu mafi tauraron dan adam zuwa cikin sararin samaniya da ya gaza.

Biyar fara a watan Afrilu 1984. A karo na farko a cikin tarihin duniya, gyara da tauraron dan adam a cikin sararin samaniya da aka yi. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 1984, akwai da ƙaddamar da shida, wanda aka alama ta kasancewar a kan jirgin da kumbon sama jannati biyu mace 'yan saman jannati. A wannan gayya jirgin da aka yi na farko a cikin tarihin na American sarari fita a sarari mace - Ketrin Sallivan.

Bakwai jirgin a watan Afrilu na shekarar 1985, na takwas na Yuli da kuma tara jirgin a watan Oktoba na wannan shekara, sun kuma kasance nasara. Suna sõyayya da na kowa burin - da za su gudanar da bincike a sararin samaniya da dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Goma jefa Janairu 28, 1986 ya ga jigila da kuma matukan jirgin m.

A cikin duka a cikin asusun a "Challenger" 9 nasara manufa, sai ya ciyar 69 kwana a sarari, 987 kawai ya yi cikakken juyin juya halin a kusa da blue duniya, ta "gudu" - 41,5 miliyan kilomita.

Masifa jigila "Challenger"

Tashin hankalin ya faru a kusa da bakin tekun na Florida, da 28.01.1986 at 11 Wajen ƙarfe a minti na 39. A wannan lokaci, a kan tekun Atlantic fashe jigila "Challenger." Ya rushe bayan 73 seconds na jirgin a tsawon 14 km sama da ƙasa. Inda ya kashe bakwai ma'aikatan jirgin.

A farkon dama sealing zobe m kara amfani an lalace. Daga wannan gefe ƙone a totur bude daga wanda jet rafi dauka kashe a cikin matsanancin gefen na man fetur tanki. A jet ya halakar da wutsiya mariƙin da hali tsarin da tanki. jirgin canja abubuwa da cewa karya da fasali dirka da iska juriya. A kumbon sama jannati ya ɓace daga nufin jirgin axis, sakamakon da aka halakar da a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da nata irin lodi.

Space Jigila "Challenger" da aka ba sanye take da wani tsarin na kõrar ba, don haka chances na rayuwa da matukan jirgin da aka ba. Amma ko da irin tsarin, da 'yan saman jannati zai sun auku a cikin teku a gudun kan 300 km / h. tasiri na ruwa ikon zai zama irin wannan cewa har yanzu babu wanda zai yi tsira.

Last ƙungiya

A lokacin da 10th farko na jigila "Challenger" An dauke da mutane bakwai:

• Frensis Richard "Dick" Scobee - shekaru 46, ƙungiya kwamandan. American soja matukin jirgi a cikin sahu na Laftanar Kanar, NASA sama jannati. Ya aka tsira da matarsa, 'yar kuma ɗa. Ya aka posthumously bayar da mindar "Space Flight".
• Michael Dzhon Smit - shekaru 40, co-matukin jirgi. Test matukin jirgi a cikin sahu na kyaftin, xan sama jannatin NASA. Ya bar matarsa da 'ya'ya uku. Ya aka posthumously bayar da mindar "Space Flight".
• Ellison Shoji Onizuka - 39 years, wani bincike gwani. American NASA sama jannati na Japan zuriya, wani gwajin matukin jirgi a cikin sahu na Laftanar Kanar. Posthumously, ya aka bayar da daraja na kanar.
• Judith Arlene Resnik - shekaru 36, wani bincike gwani. Daya daga cikin mafi kyau injiniyoyi da 'yan saman jannati NASA. Professional Aviator.
• Ronald McNair - 35 years, wani bincike gwani. Likita, xan sama jannatin NASA. A duniya, ya bar matarsa da 'ya'ya biyu. Lambar posthumously aka bayar da "Space Flight".
• Gregory Jarvis - 41 years, dangi gwani. An m. Amurka Air Force Captain. Tun shekarar 1984, xan sama jannatin NASA. Houses bar matarsa da 'ya'ya uku. Lambar posthumously aka bayar da "Space Flight".
• Sharon Christa Corrigan McAuliffe - 37 years, dangi gwani. Civic. Ya aka posthumously bayar da mindar na Space - da mafi Amurka lambar yabo ga 'yan saman jannati.

Game da na karshe ƙungiya memba Christa McAuliffe ne zuwa ce kadan more. Kamar yadda wani farar hula iya samun zuwa sarari jigila "Challenger"? Da alama m.

Krista Makoliff

Ta aka haife kan 02/09/1948 a Boston, Jihar Massachusetts. Ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin harshen Turanci, tarihi da kuma ilmin halitta. Ya aka yi aure da 'ya'ya biyu.

Ta rayuwa ya tafi a kan kamar yadda ya saba, ya auna har da sanar hamayya "Malam, a Space" a Amurka a 1984. Ya ra'ayin da aka tabbatar da cewa kowane matasa da kuma lafiya mutane bayan isasshen shiri iya samu nasarar tashi zuwa sararin samaniya da kuma komawa zuwa Earth. Daga cikin 11 dubu na ƙaddamar da aikace-aikace da kuma aikace-aikace da aka Christa - fun, upbeat kuma mai kuzari malami daga Boston.

Ta lashe gasar. Lokacin da mataimakin shugaban kasar George. W. Bush (Senior) a wani bikin a fadar White House ba ta da lashe tikitin, ta fashe a cikin hawaye na farin ciki. Shi ne mai daya Tikitin.

Bayan wani wata uku horo kwararru gane Christa shirya don tashi. Ta aka umurce ka cire koyarwa batutuwa da a kan jirgin cikin sarari jigila da suke ciyarwa a 'yan darussa.

preflight matsaloli

Da farko, a lokacin shiri na goma ƙaddamar da sarari jigila ya da matsaloli da yawa:

• Da farko an shirya rike wani jefa a Janairu 22 daga Baikonur Yahaya. F. Kennedy. Amma saboda ƙungiya matsaloli fara aka koma farko zuwa 23, sa'an nan kuma a ranar 24 ga Janairu.
• Saboda da hadari gargadi da kuma low yanayin zafi jirgin da aka dakatar da ga wata rana.
• Sa'an nan, saboda mummunan yanayi dakatarda farkon Janairu 27th.
• A cikin shakka daga cikin na gaba dubawa dabaru Mun saukar da dama matsaloli, don haka aka yanke shawarar sanya wani sabon jirgin kwanan wata - Janairu 28.

The safe na Janairu 28 a kan titi ya sanyi, da zazzabi kika aika zuwa -1 ° C. A injiniyoyi shi ya sa damuwa, kuma a wani ganãwar, sun yi gargadin NASA jagoranci da matsananci yanayi na iya samun mummunan tasiri a kan jihar na O-zobba da kuma shawarar a sake jinkirta da jefa kwanan wata. Amma wadannan shawarwari, an ƙaryata. Akwai wani ƙunci: jefa kushin rufe da kankara. Shi ne wani babban cikas, amma "sa'a", da 10 am da kankara fara narke. Fara aka nada domin sa'o'i 11 da minti 40. Yana da aka watsa shirye-shirye a kan gidan talabijin na kasa. All of America kallon events a cosmodrome.

Fara-up da kuma hadarin na jigila "Challenger"

A 11 PM na 38 minti sanã'anta injuna. Bayan 2 minti naúrar da aka kaddamar. 7 seconds daga dama tushe na totur m m hayaki, rubuta shi a ƙasa binciken jirgin. Dalilin wannan kuwa shi ne tasiri buga lodi a lokacin engine farko. Wannan ya faru a baya, shi triggers da babban sealing zobe wanda ya samar da wani abin dogara kadaici tsarin. Amma shi ya sanyi da safe, don haka daskararre zobe ya rasa elasticity kuma ba zai iya aiki kamar yadda ya dace. Wannan shi ne dalilin abkuwar wannan hadari.

Bayan 58 seconds na jirgin sarari jigila "Challenger", wanda yana da wani photo a cikin takarda, sai na fara karya saukar. Bayan 6 seconds daga waje tank fara zuba ruwa hydrogen, bayan 2 seconds a wani waje da man fetur tank matsa lamba da ya ragu zuwa wani m matakin.

Bayan 73 seconds na jirgin rushe tank na ruwa oxygen. Oxygen da kuma hydrogen aka tayar, da kuma "Challenger" da aka rasa a cikin wata babbar fireball.

Search jirgin sharan da gawawwaki

Bayan fashewa da sarari jigila tarkace fadi zuwa cikin tekun Atlantic. Search kumbon sama jannati tarkacen da gawawwakin 'yan saman jannati dauki kan US Ma'aikatar tsaron tare da taimakon sojoji daga cikin Coast Guard. Maris 7 a kasa daga cikin teku samu gawawwakin da Matuka jirgin na jigila ƙungiya. Saboda shafe tsawon daukan hotuna zuwa seawater autopsy gaza kafa ainihin dalilin mutuwar. Duk da haka, mun sami fita bayan da fashewa, da 'yan saman jannati su da rai saboda su gida kawai tsage kashe daga wutsiya sashe. Maykl Smit, Ellison Onizuka Dzhudit Reznik, ya kuma kasance m kuma ciki har da sirri iska wadata. Mafi m, da 'yan saman jannati sami ikon tsira da banbanci da karfi na ruwa.

May 1 search sarari jigila tarkace aka gama daga teku ya iya samun 55% na jigila.

Bincike a cikin Sanadin da bala'i

An ciki bincike na dukan yanayi na bala'i NASA gudanar karkashin halin asiri hatimi. Don fahimta duk cikakkun bayanai na harka kuma gano dalilan, saboda wanda akwai wani fadowa sarari jigila "Challenger", shugaban kasar Amurka Ronald Reagan ya kafa musamman hukumar Rogers (a madadin shugaban kasar William P. Rogers). Yana da aka hada da shahararren Figures a kimiyya, sarari da kuma Aeronautical injiniyoyi, 'yan saman jannati da kuma soja.

Bayan 'yan watanni da Rogers hukumar ta bayar da wani rahoto ga shugaban kasar, inda aka yi dukkan abu jama'a a sakamakon wanda akwai wani hatsari da jigila "Challenger." An kuma nuna cewa NASA jagorancin inadequately amsa zuwa ga gargadin da masana dangane da matsalolin da ci karo da jami'an tsaro na shirya jirgin.

A sakamakon rushewar

A auka daga cikin sarari jigila "Challenger" aikatã mai tsanani buga wa suna daga cikin United States, da shirin "Space Transport System" da aka phased fita for shekaru 3. Saboda manya-manyan a lokacin da kumbon sama jannati karo United States sha wahala asarar ($ 8 biliyan).

gagarumin canje-canje da aka yi wa jigila tsarin, zai ƙwarai bunkasa su lafiya.

An sake tsarafa kuma NASA tsarin. Halitta mai zaman kanta hukumar lura da lafiyar jiragen.

nuna al'ada

A May 2013, a kan fuska fitar da faifai na fim darektan George. Hawes "Challenger". A Birtaniya, ta mai suna mafi kyau da ban mamaki fim na shekara. Its mãkirci dogara ne a kan real events da kuma ayyukan Game da Rogers Hukumar.