Ants-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich, Decembrist: biography

Bright short rai na S. I. Muraveva-Apostol ne inextricably nasaba da manya manyan abubuwan da Rasha a farkon XIX karni. Leo Tolstoy, wanda bai raba da ra'ayoyi na Decembrists, ya kira shi da daya daga cikin mafi kyau mutane ba kawai cewa amma duk sauran lokaci. A zuriyar wani tsoho iyali, wanda shi ne wani dangi na sanannen Ukrainian Hetman Danylo Apostol, Sergei, wanda shi ne shugaban jerin Decembrists, ya zama wani nuna jin Republican da wani aiki abokin gaba na serfdom.

Yarantaka Muraviev-Apostol

Satumba 28, 1796 na huɗu yaro da aka haife shi a iyali wani dattaku Ivana Matveevicha Muraveva-Apostol, mai suna Sergei. Jim kadan bayan haihuwarsa, Vinogradov aka aika zuwa Sarkin sarakuna Paul na wakilin Hamburg, inda ya tafi da iyalinsa. Bayan ya dawo a 1801 a Rasha, Vinogradov zarar ya koma Madrid a kan kasuwanci. A karkashin matsin lamba ya zo da iko a Faransa, Napoleona Rossiyskaya manufa da aka janye daga Spain. Barin iyalinsa a cikin Paris, Vinogradov koma zuwa Rasha, kuma ya karbi takardar murabus. Sergey Ilimi ta fara a Hicks 'dakunan kwanan dalibai inda ya nan da nan lura da glibness da kyau kwarai yi a ilimi batutuwa.

makõma take

Duk da yake 'ya'yan da aka girma kasashen waje da kuma magana da Faransanci, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da uwa, suna da wani karfi gabar kishin kasa da kuma soyayya ga Rasha. Duk da haka, a lokacin da a 1809, da makamantansu da iyali koma zuwa St. Petersburg da kuma yara farin ciki ya dauki shi da baya, Anna Semyonovna, mahaifiyarsa nan da nan ya yi gargadin cewa Rasha ne a kasar bayi, nufin serfdom. Brilliant ilmin lissafi damar iya yin komai Sergei damar da shi a 1810 a iya shigar da sabuwar kafa College of Railway Engineers.

Saka hannu cikin yakin na 1812

Bayan Napoleon ta kai hari a kan Rasha, da dalibi da aka aika zuwa bauta a hedkwatar rundunar sojoji, ya umarta ta Kutuzov. A cikin watan Yuni 1812 da 15-shekara Sergey samu wani baftismar wuta a yakin Vitebsk, sa'an nan da wani matashi leftana dauki bangare a cikin Battle of Borodino. The sojojin M. I. Kutuzov yi kokarin kiyaye shi a hedkwatar, amma a mawuyacin halin da hafsa matashi a matsayin wani ɓangare na demining kamfanin karkashin nauyi wuta na Faransa gina da kuma kare da tabbatarwa daga cikin redoubts.

Tarutino yaƙi

Muhimmancin da Tarutino yaƙi, wanda kuma ya sha wani biyu leftana, wanda bai kai 16th ranar tunawa, aka ba kawai cewa nasara sakamakon da aka samu a karon farko, amma kuma a cikin kiwon ruhun sojojin Rasha. Masana tarihi yi imani da cewa yakin tarutino nasara a watan Oktoba 1812 tilasta Napoleon ya yanke ta janye daga shagaltar da Moscow. Sa'an nan kuma akwai wani m yakin Maloyaroslavets, wanda ya kai ga cewa Napoleon ki kara sa kaimi a Kaluga, babban sojojin na Rasha sojojin fara bi da mãsu bãyar da bãya sojojin Faransa. Bayan Maloyaroslavets abokan aiki daga yawan aiko daga makaranta zuwa yaki koma zuwa St. Petersburg don ci gaba da karatunsa, amma Ants-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich yanke shawarar zama a cikin rundunar soja. Saka hannu Muraviev-Apostol a kara fadace-fadace domin kwata 'yanci na Fatherland da Faransa mamayewa aka lura awarding zinariya takobi, da kuma assigning da daraja na leftana. Bayan fitar da Napoleon daga Rasha, ya aka bayar da Order of St. Anne III-th digiri.

waje yaƙin neman zaɓe

Fata su shiga a cikin kasashen waje yaƙi, 16-shekara jami'in, sanya da nada a wata bataliya na Chasseurs. Domin haka al'amarin a karkashin Lutzen (Jamus) Ants-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich, wanda biography ya wuya sosai, aka bayar da Order of St. Vladimir 4 tbsp. tare da baka. Tun 1814, a karkashin umurnin Janar Rajewski, ya halarci yaƙe, da kuma bayan yakin a kusa da Paris, matasa kyaftin na'am da Order of Anna 2 nd digiri. A Paris, ya gana up tare da mazan wa Matiyu, da kuma tare a watan Maris 2014, sai suka koma Rasha, inda suka jiran uban da kuma wa wani takwas Hippolyte.

Organization na farko m al'ummu

Gagarimin yunkuri na Rasha mutane da waje mamayewa a 1812 ya nuna ikon ruhu na talakawa mutane, ciki har da castle. Bayan wani mai daraja soja yaƙin neman zaɓe a lokacin da Rasha 'yanci Turai daga karkiyar Napoleon, haskaka ɓangare na ci-gaba Rasha nobility aka jiran da kwato mutanen da mahaifarsa daga karkiyar autocracy. A cewar S. I. Muraveva-Apostol, da kwato Rasha daga karkiyar nasu zai kai ga samun 'yanci na duniya duka, za ta inganta da bunkasa da ci gaba a kasar.

A marmarin taimakawa mutane yantar da kansu daga zaluncin iyayengijinsu, ya karya daga m talauci, kuma a lokaci guda kauce wa a sake munin "Pugachev" ya sa a cikin mafi kyau wakilan da galihu aji ga bukatar gama. A farkon shekarun da XIX karni a general arziki a cikin daban-daban m al'ummu, ciki har da Masonic lodges, da wanda manyansu iya cika m injin bayan aiki hallara a duniya events. Daya daga cikin wadannan kamfanoni, wanda aka halicce su a 1815, shi ne "Artel jami'an Semenov rajimanti", shirya N. M. Muravevym. S. I. Muravev-Apostol, wanda bayan ya dawo daga waje yakin da aka canjawa wuri zuwa bauta a cikin Semenov rajimanti, ya zama tare da ɗan'uwansa Matiyu memba na m. A manufofin da jama'a kunshi 15-20 mutane sun maras bayyani da kuma m. Ba da da ewa, a kan umarni na Sarkin sarakuna ƙungiya aka wargaza rundunar, amma membobinta ci gaba da taron, kuma za a iya dauke da wani dalilin ci gaba da raya kasa na neman sauyi motsi.

"Union of Salvation"

A farko m kungiyar jami'an ( "Union of Salvation"), da aka kafa a 1816 a gidan da 'yan'uwa Mouravieff-Apostol, wanda ya samu halartar Prince Troubetzkoy, Alexander da kuma Nikita Muravyov Iakushkin. Organization na matasa sanda, aka sake masa suna a 1817 bayan da tallafi na membobinta a Pestelya P. I. "Company gaskiya, kuma m 'ya'yan Fatherland", kamar yadda ta kasance, ya kuma kasance a NUMBER (30), amma tare da karin fayyace manufofin. Babban aiki na al'umma shi ne gwagwarmayar da 'yanci na manoma daga serfdom da kuma kawar da autocracy, wanda aka yake kunshe a cikin shatan na kamfanin. A wani kokarin mika tasirin da take da yadu, shan ba kawai nobility, amma kuma tsakiyar aji, Kasuwanci, da limaman da free manoma a cikin al'umma.

Dubawa jama'a da ake kira Akidar jirgin, wanda hada da Ants-Apostol Sergei Ivanovich. Tare da ci gaban da taro damunsu a cikin kasar da kuma da tabbatarwa daga Turai-fadi da juyin juya halin Musulunci halin da ake ciki a "Union of Welfare," mafi hukunci tasiri tsiwirwirinsu magoya bayan na soja mãsu alãma a kan autocracy da kuma kafa wata jam'iyyar Republican tsarin. A daidaitar da wannan dabarar aka tabbatar da wani yunkri mataki a 1820 soja tsare Semenov rajimanti. Bayan da danniya na disturbances a cikin Semenov rajimanti aka wargaza, kuma Ants-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga daraja da kanar a cikin Chernigov dakaru rajimanti. Kaddamar a Janairu 1821 Congress of Yan asalin majalisa "Union of Welfare," ta sanar da rushe al'umma. Duk da haka, akwai aka ba a zahiri za'ayi da tsiyacewa da reorganization na "Union", wanda a cikin sa cikin kungiyar na biyu kamfanoni don daidaita hadin gwiwa ayyuka.

"Southern Society"

A m kungiyar a Ukraine qaddamar da halittar da suke mambobi ne na majalisar Tulchin 'Welfare Union ", da aka mai suna" Southern Society ". Yana da aka karkashin jagorancin P. I. Pestel, shugaban na most Vasilievskaya majalisa ya Sergei Muraviev-Apostol (Decembrist). Shirin a raga, kuma manufofin da kamfanin, wanda a 1825 shiga cikin "Society of United Slavs", ta tashi a cikin "Rasha Gaskiya" marubucin Pavla Ivanovicha Pestelya.

Society raga ne a tune da aiki na "Union of Welfare," amma tambayi aiki mafi decisively, tare da kisan da sarki decapitate da monarchical jam'iyyar. настаивал на скорейших действиях с использованием войск, находящихся под командованием офицеров – членов «Южного общества». Kamar wancan Pestel yi imani da cewa wannan yunkuri ya kamata faru a babban birnin kasar da kuma zama sosai shirya da kuma Sergey Muravyov-Apostol, da Decembrists da sa kaimi ga m mataki da sojojin karkashin umurnin jami'an - mambobi na "Southern Society".

A yunkuri na Chernigov rajimanti

Bayan da gazawar na soja magana a kan majalisar dattijai Square (Saint Petersburg), a karshen Disamba 1815 a cikin Chernigov rajimanti, dake da sansani a lardin Kiev, fara wani bore da sojoji. Dalilin da tawaye ya kama Laftanar Kanar S. I. Muraveva-Apostol, wanda ya kaina rajimanti kwamandan, bayan samun labarai na tawaye a St. Petersburg. Kashegari, da 'yan tawaye dauki Vasilkov, sa'an nan Motovilovka. A Motovilovka gaban line aka karanta shela da 'yan tawayen ( "Orthodox Catechism"), wanda aka hada Ants-Apostol da Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Chernigov rajimanti fara motsi zuwa St. Petersburg da fatan shi ne goyan bayan sauran soja raka'a. Duk da haka, wadannan da fatan sun ta da tushe, da kuma karkashin White Church, da rajimanti aka kewaye da wani detachment na hussars da Gunners. Janairu 3, 1826, sun ci su da dakarun gwamnati. Kane Sergei Ivanovich, Hippolytus, ba so don kama, harbi, da kuma shi kansa, mummunan rauni, aka kama. A lokacin da gudanar da bincike, ya yi girman da saƙon da nobly, kokarin garkuwa comrades da ya ɗauka cikakken duk laifi.

Decembrist motsi a Rasha

Decembrists 'motsi a Rasha ya na musamman a cewa ba su dogara da wata} sashen dutsen, da kuma, za a mai m hadarin domin kwata' yanci na mutane, ba kallon shi goyon baya. A halin da ake ciki na interregnum bayan kwatsam da mutuwar Alexander Na yarda kawo Guards regiments Decembrists a majalisar dattijai Square domin tilasta wa Majalisar Dattawa ta ayyana halakar da autocracy, da kawar da serfdom da kafa siyasa da yanci.

Cirkaka da uncoordinated ayyuka na maƙarƙashiya kai ga yunkuri na Decembrists (1825) da aka ci. High kotun da aka kafa domin fitina daga mambobi ne na soja bore, da aka yanke wa hukunci a dangane da 121 mutane. A daidai da digiri na laifi na duk wanda ya shiga cikin jerin daga cikin Decembrists, suka kasu kashi 11 darajõji. Da farko aji, samar ga kisa na farko, sa'an nan kuma maye gurbinsu da wani tutur naƙudarta, 31 mutane da aka yanke wa hukunci. Mutane biyar gane Hukumar Binciken da aka jini da aka yankewa hukuncin da za a rataye, ciki har da Ants-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich. A watan Yuli 1826 da hukunci da aka za'ayi.

House Muraviev-Apostol

Manor Mouravieff-Apostol a Moscow located a Old Baseina Street. Bayan da Decembrists (1825) akwai wani tawaye, da gidan da aka sayar. Don dorewar ƙwaƙwalwar na farko Rasha yunkuri har yanzu tsammani Lunacharsky, wanda aka faruwa bude a cikin gidan-gidan kayan gargajiya na Estate na Decembrists. Aiwatar da wannan shirin da aka sani kawai a shekarar 1986, amma shekaru biyar daga baya an rufe saboda lalace gine-gine. Gayyace a shekarar 1991 da zuriyar Mouravieff-Apostol ya yi shawara a kan maido da ginin iyali kokarin. Bayan kusan shekaru goma na wuya aikin babban gidan gona gidan da aka gyara da kuma hayar zuwa Decembrists gidan kayan gargajiya. A halin yanzu, akwai a kai a kai runduna nune-nunen da kuma balaguro din.