Antarctica da aka gano balaguro, a karkashin jagorancin explorers Bellingshausen da Lazarev. Tarihi na samu na Antarctica

Wane ne daga matafiya gano Antarctica? Amsar za ka koya daga wannan labarin. Muhimmanci, da karshe ta samu ya faru a shekarar 1820. Yana shine labarin Antarctica fara wannan shekara. Da farko, mutane za su iya kawai zaton cewa wannan nahiyar akwai.

Antarctica - mafi girma a nahiyar a duniya. Fiye da 2 da dubu. Mita ne matsakaicin tsayi da surface sama da Antarctic Sea. Dubu huɗu mita har zuwa shi, a tsakiyar nahiyar.

Kafin mu yi magana game da wanda tsakanin matafiya gano Antarctica, ce kamar wata magana game da matuƙan ke kusa da wannan babban samu.

A farko hasashe game da wanzuwar ɓangaren duniya

Mahalarta taron na balaguro za'ayi da Portugal a 1501-1502 shekaru, da ciwon farko zato. Amerigo Vespucci halarci wannan tafiya. Wannan Florentine matafiyi, godiya ga wani sosai m daidaituwa na daban-daban yanayi, ya ba da sunan ga suna biyu babbar nahiyoyi. Duk da haka, waccan mujalla da muka balaguro iya ba tafi da kara a. LOCATION ta Kudu, wanda shi ne quite nisa daga Antarctica. Vespucci shaida cewa, sanyi da aka haka zafin cewa matafiya ba zai iya kai shi.

An dade janyo hankalin mutane Antarctica. Matafiya sun zaci cewa akwai wata babbar nahiyar. Dzheyms Kuk shiga kafin wasu a cikin Antarctic ruwaye. Ya debunked wani labari cewa akwai Terra Australis babban size. Duk da haka, da navigator aka tilasta zaton kawai cewa nahiyar iya zama kusa da iyakacin duniya. Ya yi imani da cewa gabansa ya tabbatar da wani yawa na kankara tsibiran, da kuma iyo kankara.

Lazarev da Bellingshausen

Antarctica da aka gano balaguro, a karkashin jagorancin explorers daga Rasha. Koyaushe biyu sunayen da aka rubuta a cikin tarihi na labarin kasa binciken. wannan JJu Bellingshausen (shekaru na rayuwa - 1778-1852) da kuma MP Lazarev (1788-1851).

Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen aka haife shi a 1778. An haife shi a is located in da Baltic Sea tsibirin Saaremaa, Estonia nasa ne a yau. Karatu navigator a Sea yar jam'iyyar kadet Corps.

Bellingshausen mafarkin tun suna yara na teku sarari. Ya rubuta cewa da aka haife shi a cikin teku, don haka, kamar kifi daga ruwa, ba zai iya rayuwa ba tare da shi. Faddey Faddeevich a 1803-1806 shekaru halarci tafiya (na farko circumnavigation, m Rasha matuƙan) a kan jirgin "Hope", wanda ya jagoranci Ivan Kruzenshtern.

Lazarev da shekaru 10 ƙaramin. Ya sanya 3 tafiye-tafiye, a duniya, ga rayukansu. Navigator halarci 1827 a cikin sojan ruwa yakin Navarino, sa'an nan domin kusan shekaru ashirin, ya shugaban Black Sea jiragen ruwa. Daga cikin dalibinsa suna da irin shahararren sojan ruwa shugabannin Rasha, Vladimir Istomin, Pavel Nakhimov, Vladimir Kornilov.

"Vostok" da kuma "Aminci"

Lazarev da Bellingshausen rabo kawo a 1819. Sa'an nan da ma'aikatar cikin Navy so wani balaguro zuwa Kudancin Hemisphere. Wuya tafiya yana da wani sashe biyu jiragen ruwa, da-sanye take. Kwamandan na sloop "Gabas" da aka nada Bellingshausen. Lazarev jagoranci "Aminci". A girmama wadannan jiragen ruwa da yawa shekarun da suka gabata daga baya shi ne ake kira da farko Soviet Antarctic tashoshin.

A farko bude

The balaguro a 1819, Yuli 16, ya fara yin iyo. Takaice shi kamar haka tsara manufarta: ga gano a kusa da Antarctic iyakacin duniya. Mariners umurci gudanar da bincike da Earth Sandwich (yanzu ta Kudu Sandwich Islands, wanda aka sau daya samu Cook), kazalika da ta Kudu Georgia, sa'an nan ci gaba da gudanar da nazari don m latitudes, wanda kawai za a iya samu.

Saboda haka wannan "Salãm", kuma "Gabas". details Kudu Georgia Island aka bayyana. Explorers sun gano cewa, Duniya Sandwich ne wani tarin tsiburai. Cook Islands Bellingshausen mai suna mafi girma a tsibirin na tarin tsiburai. Da farko domin samu umarnin da aka za'ayi.

Opening na Antarctica

A sararin sama za a iya gani garin kankara expanses. Jirãge ci gaba kan hanyar tare da gefuna daga yamma zuwa gabas. A 1820, 27 Janairu, da balaguro haye Antarctic Circle. Kashegari kuma, mahalarta taron sun zo kusa da Antarctic nahiyar, ta kankara shãmaki. Just fiye da shekaru 100 baya, waɗannan wuraren suna ziyarci sake. Wannan lokaci kuwa shi ne Norwegian explorers na Antarctica. Sai aka ba su sunan da Princess Marta Coast.

Bellingshausen a kan Janairu 28 ya rubuta a cikin diary cewa, ci gaba da matsawa kudu, da balaguro samu a kankara tsakar rana cewa tafiya ta cikin dusar ƙanƙara gabatar a cikin nau'i na fari girgije. Matuƙan, wucewa zuwa kudu-maso-gabas suna biyu mafi mil, sun riga "a m kankara." Mafiya filin cike da gidajen gona da hillocks miƙa kusa. Tun da Antarctica da aka gano balaguro, a karkashin jagorancin explorers Bellingshausen da Lazarev.

A cikin sharuddan ganuwa ya fi kyau jirgin Lazarev. The jirgin kyaftin kallo "Ice matsananci tuddai," wanda ya miƙa zuwa sararin sama. Ya na daga cikin kankara takardar abin da yake rufe Antarctica. A Janairu 28 a wannan shekara, ta gangara a tarihi kamar yadda kwanan lokacin da Bellingshausen da Lazarev gano Antarctic ɓangaren duniya. Sau biyu (Fabrairu 2 da 17) "Aminci" da "Gabas" ya zo kusa da gaba da Antarctica. Bisa ga umarnin, ya kamata ka nemi "unknown ƙasar". Duk da haka, ko da mafi m na anda suka daftarin aiki ba zai iya yi foreseen irin wannan nasara aiki.

Maimaita tafiya zuwa Antarctica

Yayinda hunturu a cikin Southern Hemisphere. Jirãge canja zuwa arewa, ya shiga jirgin ruwa a temperate da kuma wurare masu zafi da ruwan tekun Pacific. A shekara ta tafi. Sa'an nan, "Aminci" da "Gabas", wanda aka umarta ta Bellingshausen da Lazarev gangarawa Antarctica sake. Suka haye sau uku da Antarctic Circle.

Bitrus I Island

Idanu na matafiya a cikin 1821, 22 Janairu, ya bayyana wani unknown tsibirin. Ya aka mai suna Bellingshausen Island na Bitrus, mai girma. Janairu 28, daidai shekara guda tun da aka gano na Antarctica, a kan wani m, cloudless weather crews kiyaye duwatsu tekun, wanda ya miƙa daga wurin zuwa kudu.

Duniya Alexander I

Na farko ya bayyana a kan maps da Duniya ta Alexander I. Babu shakka ba da: Antarctica - yana da ba kawai kankara massif, a real nahiyar. Bellingshausen, duk da haka, ba ta ambaci na bude na ɓangaren duniya. Yana da aka ba yana nufin ƙarya tufafin. Navigator fahimci cewa, yana yiwuwa ya zana karshe karshe, amma bayan jawabin da zama dole nazarin a kan gaba na Antarctica. Babu wani daga cikin shaci, ko game da girman da nahiyar, ba ya iya ko yin m ra'ayin. Mutane da yawa shekarun da suka gabata sun tafi a kan issledavaniya.

Bincike na Kudu Shetland Islands

Kammala "Odyssey", navigators bincika daki-daki, ta Kudu Shetland Islands. Kafin su aka sani kawai abin B. Smith, wani Banasare, suka duba a 1818. wadannan tsibiran da aka tsara da kuma bayyana. A cikin yakin na 1812 ya samu halartar da yawa da tauraron dan adam Lazarev da Bellingshausen. Saboda haka, wasu daga cikin tsibirin a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da ta fadace-fadace samu wadannan sunayen: Waterloo, Leipzig, Berezina, Smolensk, Maloyaroslavets, Borodino. Daga baya, duk da haka, Birtaniya matuƙan sake masa suna su, cewa ba quite gaskiya. Waterloo, a cikin wasu abubuwa (King George - ta zamani suna), da aka kafa ta mafi arewacin bincike tashoshin na Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1968, a Antarctica da ake kira "Bellingshausen".

Koma Kronstadt

A 1821, a karshen watan Janairu, Faddey Faddeevich aika jiragen ruwa zuwa arewa, mugun addabi kewayawa a kankara da kuma hadari. 751 rana tafiya dade Rasha jiragen ruwa. tafiya tsawon kasance game da 100 kilomita dubu (cewa shi ne, idan dai kana samun lokacin da ka je biyu a kusa da Duniya a ekweita da kwata sau). 29 sabon tsibiran da aka tsara. Haka abin ya fara ci gaba da kuma nazari na Antarctica.

Wadannan da Rasha

Saboda haka, Antarctica da aka gano balaguro, a karkashin jagorancin explorers daga Rasha. Makonni biyu bayan da cewa, a cikin shekarar 1820, 16 Janairu, Rasha balaguro jagorancin Bellingshausen da Lazarev, ya tafi zuwa Antarctica, Edward Brantsfild, wanda ya koma daga Kudu Shetland Islands zuwa kudu, ga snow-rufe babban banki. Ya aka mai suna wannan navigator Duniya Triniti (watau cikin Triniti). Antarctica Masu bincike kuma ga biyu dutse kololuwa. A da Antarctic Larabawa, da arewa cikin lebe miƙa zuwa 1,200 km a cikin shugabanci na Kudancin Amirka. A duniya, babu sauran irin wannan mai tsawo da kuma kunkuntar yanki.

Antarctica a karon farko bayan da Rasha matuƙan gan kamfanin "Enderby", biyu sealers kotuna na Ingila, da suka aikata a karkashin John Biscoe tafiya a duniya. A 1831, a karshen watan Fabrairu, zuwa ga duwatsu ƙasar sun matso kusa da kotu. Yana da aka soma da su ga tsibirin. Daga bisani, wannan ƙasa da aka bayyana a matsayin protrusion na Gabas Antarctica. Bayyana a kan taswira sunan Biscoe dutse (da girma ganiya a kan shi) da kuma Enderby Land. Tun da Antarctica bude Explorer Dzhon Bisko.

Ya ga matafiyin a gaba shekara da ke sa wani samu. Ya gana da sifili Meridian dama tsibiran kananan size, bayan da akwai duwatsu na Graham Land (kamar yadda aka mai suna wannan ƙasa), wanda ya ci gaba da Earth Alexander I zuwa gabas. Proper sunan wannan mai bincike da aka mai suna sarkar na kananan tsibiran, ko da yake ya gano ƙasar da aka kuma dauke na dogon lokaci bayan da tsibirin.

A cikin m shekaru goma, sailing a Kudancin Ocean aka gano biyu ko uku "gaci". Duk da haka, matafiya zuwa wani daga cikinsu bai dace.

A cikin tarihi na nazarin Antarctica bautar wani wuri na musamman da balaguro na Faransa, wanda aka karkashin jagorancin JS Dumont d'Urville. A 1838, a watan Janairu, biyu daga cikin jirgin ( "Seele" da "astrolabe") ya zo da Pacific daga Atlantic, skirting kudu America. Bincike tafi a search na ruwa, kankara-free, nisa zuwa kudu, gabatowa da Antarctic Larabawa, ta arewacin tip, wanda aka mai suna wannan Duniya navigator Louis-Philippe. Dumont d'Urville, fitowa a cikin Pacific Ocean, da kayayyakinsa aika zuwa wurare masu zafi da ruwa. Duk da haka, daga Tasmania sa'an nan ya jũya kudu da gana a latitud na Arctic Circle kankara Coast, mai suna Adelie Land a madadin matarsa. Wannan ya faru a 1840, Janairu 20. Faransa a wannan rana komai a fili a kan tsibirin. Za mu iya cewa da farko mutane a wannan rana zo duniya na Antarctica, ko da yake har yanzu ba a cikin babban yankin da kuma tsibirin kawai kusa da shi.

Bayan karanta labarin, da ka koya, abin da shekara gano Antarctica. Kawai a cikin 1956, a kan Janairu 5, a kan tudu, na babban yankin ya dauki na farko Rasha explorers. Haka ya faru don haka ta hanyar 136 bayan shekara Antarctica da aka gano balaguro, a karkashin jagorancin explorers Bellingshausen da Lazarev.