Agriculture: noma masana'antu. Branches Aikin Gona na Rasha

Agriculture ne na musamman irin aiki da nufin namo, aiki da kuma masana'antu, kazalika da bayar da related ayyuka. Its main masana'antu dabbobi da amfanin gona samar. A yadda ɓullo da shi ne noma a matsayin wani reshe na samar da kasa dogara sun fi mayar a kan jindadin ta mutane.

Halayyar siffofin na amfanin gona samar a Rasha

Land a kasar mu sosai kuma, shi zai ze, duk abubuwan da ake bukata ga nasara ci gaban wannan yanki na noma a can. Abin baƙin ciki, Rasha ne geographically a cikin irin wannan hanya da cewa yanayin damina da kuma daban-daban na halitta abubuwan yiwuwa a wannan batun sosai tsanani iyakance. Furfure matsayin wani reshe na noma a kasar mu ne quite alamar shugabanci, amma kawai batun da yin amfani da sababbin hanyoyin fasaha da kuma girmamawa ga halitta.

Kawai 35% na Rasha ƙasar da aka located in a temperate sauyin yanayi, da kyau dace namo amfanin gona, irin hatsin rai, alkama, hatsi, buckwheat da sauransu. D. Mafiya yankin na Arctic Circle kaucewa m for amfanin gona samar. Bugu da kari, manyan yankunan a kasar mu daukan taiga, inda namo na kasar gona - da wani tsari wanda aka kuma hade da wani yawa na matsaloli.

Amfanin gona kamar wani reshe na noma: babban kwatance

A halin yanzu, manyan yankunan noma da a Rasha sun hada da:

• Hatsi noma. Wannan shugabanci yana da muhimmanci ga yawan kowace ƙasa na duniya, ciki har da kasar mu. Bread za a iya daukarsa a matsayin babban samfuri na mutum abinci mai gina jiki. A mafi muhimmanci da abinci ga gona da dabbobi suna kuma sanya daga amfanin gona.
• Makiyayar da. Don haka ya kira tsarin na daban-daban matakan da nufin a samar, girbi da kuma aiki na dabba ciyarwa. A wannan yanayin, ƙasar da ake amfani da girma amfanin gona, yafi makiyaya, Tushen, tubers, melons da kuma kama. N.
• A namo masana'antu amfanin gona. Wadannan sun hada da auduga, flax, sunflower, sugar gwoza, taba da sauransu. D.
• Kayan lambu da kuma dankalin turawa.
• Viticulture da noma.

Labarin kasa amfanin gona a Rasha

Saboda haka, babban reshe na specialization na noma a kasar mu - waddan da kuma aikin noma. Geographically, Rasha da aka located in da dama climatic zones. A amfanin gona samar, da kuma musamman zuwa iri-iri na qagaggun shata albarkatu wannan dalilin tsoma farko.

Saboda haka, da alkama, da wuya ga thermal tsarin mulki, fĩfĩta sinadirai loamy ƙasa isasshe fari-resistant amfanin gona suna girma, yafi a cikin steppe da gandun daji yankunan. A fannin girma kasa fastidious hatsin rai yana da fadi iyakoki. Sha'ir ne na kowa a kusan dukan aikin gona da yankunan kasar - daga sanyi arewacin yankunan da m kudu.

Daban-daban na masana'antu albarkatun gona ne ma kowa a fagage daban-daban. Sunflower, misali, ke tsiro sosai a bushe yankuna. Abinda - don samun wannan al'adun kyau amfanin gona da ya kamata a dasa kawai a kan wani fairly m kasa. Girma sunflowers a mafi a cikin steppe da gandun daji-steppe yankuna na Turai bangare na kasar. Sugar beets, a maimakon haka, yana da matukar wuya a kan zafi yanayi. Saboda haka, shi ya yada yafi kawai a cikin tsakiyar da kuma yammacin yankuna na gandun daji steppe zone.

Kayan lambu ya hada da babban yawan al'adu, ya yiwuwa ga jinsuna daban. Saboda haka, yana da kyau ci gaba a kusan dukan aikin gona da yankunan Rasha. Mafi na kowa bude-noma amfanin gona da hada kabeji, tumatir, kabewa, albasa, beets da karas. Su suna girma a kan wani ciniki sikelin da aka fi sau da yawa a wurare inda akwai damar yin amfani da ruwa - a kan gaba na tabkuna, da kõguna da kududdufai. The most cibiyoyin noma kafa a cikin ƙananan kai na da Volga da Don da Arewa Caucasus.

Gardening - ma wani muhimmin shugabanci a waɗannan wurare kamar noma. A sassa na noma, hade da namo 'ya'yan itace da Berry amfanin gona, ma samu wata babbar baza a Rasha, musamman a Turai na shi (da Volga yankin, Krasnodar yankin). A mafi girma iri-iri ya'yan itace amfanin gona da aka lura a cikin Arewa Caucasus. A yawa gidãjen Aljanna suna kuma bred a Bashkiria da Altai.

Halayyar siffofin dabbobi

A masana'antu ne ma ga kasar mu ne alamar rahama. Isar da shi a tuna cewa shi ne daya daga cikin manyan har zuwa farkon karni na karshe rikicin. Halaye na noma a wannan harka zai zama bai cika ba tare da wani taƙaitaccen yawon shakatawa a cikin tarihi. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, dabba husbandry, da kuma musamman shanu, shi da aka ɓullo da sosai. Duk da haka, da tattalin arziki da rikicin da shekaru ya na da a kan wannan yanki na fiye da wani mummunan tasiri. Kawai daga 1991 zuwa 2005, yawan dabbõbi fadi daga 54,7 zuwa 21,4 ton miliyan. Bisa ga sakamakon wannan a 2005, dabbobi a kasar mu aka dauke marasa amfani baki ɗaya. Saboda haka, akwai wata karuwa da shigo da wannan samfur.

Duk da haka, ya zuwa yanzu a matsayin aikin noma ga tattalin arziki, (ciki har da dabbobi) a cikin kasar za a iya daukan fiye ko žasa da riba. Don wasu har wannan ne saboda da ci gaban zaman kansa gonaki.

key masana'antu

To, abin da suke da babban kwatance gabatar a wannan yanayin noma? Aikin gona kera a cikin dabbõbin wadannan:

• Cattle kiwo. Kiwo dabbõbi, tare da namo na hatsi ne mai babbar mayar da hankali na a / v samar.
• Porcine. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da reshe na da muhimmanci. Ma'ana shi ne kuma da wuya a overestimate. Wannan shugabanci ta kasu nama, naman alade da kuma polusalnoe.
• Goat da tumaki kiwo. A mafi yadu amfani data samu a cikin shugabanci na steppe zones, kazalika a yankunan duwatsu.
• Equine. Wannan reshe da aka tsara don samar da kasa tattalin arzikin purebred waddan dabbobi, wasanni da kuma albarka.
• Rakumi. Wannan shugabanci ya karbi widest ci gaba a m da semiarid yankuna na Rasha. Har ila yau, wadannan dabbobi ne sosai high quality ulu da madara.
• Reindeer husbandry. Wannan masana'antu ne mai specialization yankunan dake a cikin tundra (Magadan, Archangelsk da t. D.).
• Kaji. Wani muhimmin reshe na dabba husbandry.
• Farming. Manufar wannan yanki shi ne su tabbatar da cewa kasa tattalin arzikin konkoma karãtunsa fãtun kananan Jawo-qazanta dabbobi.
• Beekeeping. A masana'antu ne ke da alhakin samar da wani yawan m kayayyakin - zuma, beeswax, sarauta jelly, kudan zuma dafin, da dai sauransu ...

Industries da kuma aikin noma, suna da nasaba da juna kai tsaye. Game da wannan, ba shakka, ciki har da dabbobi da yawa. Ba tare da wata rijiya-ɓullo da alade da dabbõbin ni'ima, kiwo, misali, kamar wuya ya zama musamman m masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci. Idan jihar ba za ta kula da irin masana'antu da aikin gona, da na tumaki kiwo, da yawan Rasha za a bar ba tare da nasu dumi tufafi.

Labarin kasa na dabbobi a Rasha

Jeri kuma shugabanci na specialization aka ƙaddara yafi by gaban fodder ga wata ƙungiya musamman na dabbobi. Wannan shi ne, kamar yadda wani reshe na dabbobi noma, ko da yake kasa da amfanin gona, har, amma kuma shi ne dogara a kan halitta da kuma yanayin dalilai.

M kiwo shanu a cikin ci gaban da kasar mu a mafi a Turai part - a cikin sama kai na da Volga da Dnieper. Wannan shi ne yafi Moscow da kuma Yaroslavl yankuna. A wannan Trend ne na hali na kudu na St. Petersburg yankin. Tsunduma a cikin dabbõbin ni'ima waddan da kuma a wasu yankuna na Turai na kasar, kazalika a kudancin yankunan Siberia, a cikin Urals. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan harka muna magana ne mafi yawa game da nama da kiwo shanu kiwo shugabanci. Yana yada wa arewa da kuma - a mafi sassa na Siberia, amma a cikin wadannan yankunan shi ne a mafi m hali. A iyakacin duniya yankuna ne yadu ɓullo da herding. Mai shanu suna bred a cikin Urals, Volga kuma Tsakiya yankuna, kazalika a Arewa Caucasus.

Very tartsatsi namo kananan shanu a kasar ta samu a cikin Volga yankin, Arewa Caucasus, da Urals da kuma Gabas Siberia. Ovchinnoshubnoe da kyau-ɓullo da samarwa da kuma a cikin tsakiyar yankunan na Turai na Rasha. Pig, kusan a duk faɗin ƙasar. Don a karami har, wannan shi ne shugabanci na ci gaba a cikin Far East.

Wannan yana da wani tasiri a kan aikin noma da raya kasa

Bugu da kari ga yanayin da yanayin yanayi ga ci gaban da dabbobi da amfanin gona samar a kowace jiha za a iya rinjayi da wadannan dalilai:

• A mataki na goyon bayan daga jihar. A mafi kudi za a kashe a sabuwar fasahar, don ya zama mafi riba fiye da aikin noma. Aikin gona kera a wani shugabanci sosai dogara ne a kan yawan tallafin. Wadannan kudi yafi je ga ci gaban m samar, sayan kayan aiki da ci gaba da sababbin hanyoyin fasaha.
• Matakan mayar kaskanta ƙasar a yankunan da m amfanin gona samar. Kasar gasa tare da sauran kasashe a duniya m kasuwar a cikin ƙasa za ta zama kamar yawa m ƙasar kamar yadda zai yiwu.
• Wani muhimmanci sosai factor a cikin ci gaban da tattalin arzikin kasar musamman yanayi a kasuwa ne da kasancewar wani m m yanayi. Babban rassan noma a cikin wannan girmamawa ne ba togiya.
• A jihar kimiyya da fasaha. A mafi sababbin abubuwa da ake gabatar, da mafi m dabbobi da amfanin gona samar. Kimiyya ci gaba - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin babban dalilai rage farashin kayayyakin abinci.

Nature Management matsaloli

Dukan bangarorin noma a Rasha, a Baya ga sama dalilai, ne kai tsaye dogara a kan muhalli da yanayi. Abin baƙin ciki, a kasar mu, predatory hali zuwa arziki na dabi'a da kuma zargin almubazzarancin ya kai ga wani gagarumin tabarbarewar halin da ake ciki a wannan batun.

A cikin steppe da gandun daji steppe bangarori na muhalli balance ne mai tsanani sosai, yafi saboda iska da kuma ruwan yashewa. A halin yanzu, da gwaninta na samar da shimfidar sun muhalli dorewa da aka kafa a cikin marigayi 19th karni V. V. Dokuchaevym a Voronezh yankin a cikin fili dutse steppe. Yanzu a nan shi ne aikin gona Research Institute. Wannan kwarewa kamata shakka amfani a yau.

Take hakkin muhalli balance a leafy gandun daji da kuma lesotaezhnoy yankunan yawa ana hade tare da draining na Marshes da uncontrolled deforestation.

Kamar yadda matsalolin muhalli a zamani Rasha za a iya warware

Abin farin, yanzu halin da ake ciki a kasar mu a cikin wannan shiri fara canza da cika fuska. A mafi muhimmanci aiki na kwanan nan kafa kimiyya - muhalli da tattalin arziki - shi ne ba kawai wani muhalli kima a cikin hasken da yiwuwar ta amfani, amma kuma kiyasin da muhalli tsarin, ƙoƙarin hango ko hasashen nan gaba da kuma ikon sarrafa a yau. Hakika, irin wannan fuskanta da babban reshe na noma za fiye da wani amfani tasiri.

Babban hanyoyin da nasaba da na zamani ƙasar amfani a lokacin ne adana nazarin halittu kwayoyin da halittar halitta takin gargajiya dangane fungi, kwayoyin cuta da kuma algae. Kimiyya da hulda da ilmin halitta humus - shi ne gobe aikin noma.

Recent aukuwa a wannan yanki da ake aiwatar a dukkan sassa na noma a Rasha a yau. Alal misali, a cikin Krasnodar yankin amfani bezgerbitsidnye shinkafa da masara samar da fasaha. A wasu gonaki na Omsk yankin renunciation na amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da kuma yin amfani da sabon noma fasahar sun haifar da wani gagarumin karuwa a yawan aiki.

Daga cikin sababbin dabaru sun hada da, misali:

• Drip ban ruwa, ya dauko ba kawai manyan gonaki, amma da yawa masu gidãjen Aljanna.
• Moldboard noma.
• Halitta nazarin halittu yanayi amfanin gona juyawa.

Domin tsare-tsaren jiran ganin a nan gaba, za a iya dangana ga gabatarwar wani Hadakar kuma da cikakken muhalli saka idanu. Wannan ne kiyaye ta mayar da martani ga ayyukan mutane da kuma dauki matakan da suka dace a mai kyau lokaci. Hakika, wannan zai yi kyau tasiri a kan aikin noma. A sassa na noma - dabba husbandry da kuma amfanin gona samar - zama riba da kuma kudi ne mai yiwuwa.

Agriculture Jamus

Reviving dabbobi da amfanin gona samar a Rasha, ba shakka, ya kamata ka kula da kwarewa daga waɗanda ƙasashe inda bangaren data aka ɓullo da sosai. An misali sau da yawa kawo sunayensu Jamus. A halin yanzu, ci gaban aikin noma a cikin wannan ƙasar ta biya mai yawa da hankali. The riba daga dukan Tsarin zuwa babban har ya rinjayi mafi m da kyau tunani-fita kungiyar, kazalika da m da kuma mai da hankali da yin amfani da albarkatun kasa.

A cikin tsakiyar yankunan na Jamus da kuma a cikin kudancin kasar tsunduma a noma yafi masu kananan gonaki. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya zama hanyar lafiya gasar, mai iko kara kuzari gabatarwar sabon dabaru. Branches Jamus Agriculture - dabbobi da amfanin gona samar - kawo kasar babbar riba.

Amma mu a kasar don mafi yawan ayyukan da kuma ci gaban sabuwar fasahar in dabba husbandry da kuma aikin noma, za su fi mayar dogara ne a kan kamalar majalisu tushe a nan gaba. Tsantseni tattalin arziki management da kuma kiyayewa daga albarkatun ya zama wani fifiko na jihar. Zai yiwu a nan gaba tsarin da bangaren aikin noma a Rasha za su yi kama da wani Jamus. Duk da haka, a lokacin da girma da abinci a kasar mu nuna quite manyan tare da wani / s daga cikin kungiyar.