Topical sadarwar: definition, halaye da kuma ban sha'awa facts

A ka'idar kimiyya biogeocoenose an halitta ta Rasha Vladimir masanin kimiyya Sukachev. Yana bayar da wani m hali na halitta da tsarin, kuma ta binciko daban-daban iri interactions tsakanin sassa na yanayin kasa: shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da micro-kwayoyin. Musamman tsanani nazarin siffofin biotic dangantakar da aka gudanar da wani Rasha masana kimiyya - V. Beklemishev wanda gano hudu iri su. Ya kamata a lura da cewa Topical dangane - shi ne a cikin qasa daya daga cikin mafi kowa iri interactions da na halitta nazarin halittu gidaje. Su za a yi nazari a cikin wannan labarin.

A ra'ayi na Kamfanin

Kafin mu bincika tambaya na yadda Topical shaidu aka kafa a cikin biocenosis, shi wajibi ne don samun matsahi na saba da nazarin halittu jigon manufar da Kamfanin. Yana nufin da dogon-data kasance, interconnected dangantaka da dama kwayoyin da suke dogara a kan irin m mutane - jima'i. A mafi akai-akai ci karo da kwayoyin a cikin wannan rawa ne da shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Kuma sunã bautã wa a matsayin core, samar da mutane na sauran jinsunan, musamman tare da abinci da kuma kariya. Live samfurori dangi zuwa inkonsortu endokonsortami iya zama, misali, zagaye ko tef tsutsotsi - tsutsotsi dabbobi da kuma mutane. Ekokonsorty - kwayoyin da suke zaune a kan surface (da mutum, su ne ainihin, misali, sweeper kifi, inhabiting jikin wani shark).

Idan suka lokaci-lokaci zo a cikin lamba tare da inkonsortom, suna kira ekzokonsortami (misali zuma ƙudan zuma tattara Nectar daga wasu shuka iri).

Trophic da kuma Topical saboda daban-daban consortia

Idan kwaya wakilta jiki daya, shi ne ake kira mutum al'umma, kuma idan dukan yawan ko har ma da wakilan duk jinsin, to waɗannan Kamfanin kira da yawan jama'a. Trophic da kuma Topical sadarwa faruwa musamman da sauri a cikin mutane a cikin sinuzialnoy Kamfanin. A wannan yanayin, a daya ecobiomorphs - kungiyar autotrophic kwayoyin na shuke-shuke na kama daga ilimin Halittar Jiki da kuma physiological halaye da kuma zamansu a kama abiotic yanayi. Alal misali, wani rukuni na matsakaici danshi-m shuke-shuke Division gymnosperms - conifers (fir, spruce, larch), girma a cikin wani na kowa yanki - mazauninsu siffofin sinuzialnuyu Kamfanin.

The ayyukan Beklemisheva

Ga bayanin irin dukan hadaddun kuma bambancin kwayoyin dangantaka tasowa a cikin biogeocoenose ba na sarari tsari na jinsin zumunta wa juna, Rasha masanin kimiyya Beklemishev amfani Topical sadarwar lokaci. Misalai dake bayyana su samuwar, sun nuna cewa wasu kwayoyin shafi wasu saboda canje-canje a cikin muhalli dalilai. Kamar yadda masanin kimiyyar ya ce, sakamakon wani Topical sadarwa motsa jiki abiotic dalilai na yanayi, wato, da samuwar wani rai gabar wasu takamaiman physico-sinadaran yanayi na zama na mutane da na wani nau'in. Saboda haka, a kimiyyar zamani da mas'ala ta Topical links Beklemishev gabatar. Saboda haka a cikin ruwa tare biocoenosis - tafkin, wanda zai iya ƙidaya fiye da 125 misalai na Topical dangantaka na shuke-shuke da dabbobi.

Alal misali, irin mazari Luetke kayansa mãsu qwai a cikin leaf parenchyma ruwa shuke-shuke kamar arrowhead, rawaya ruwa-Lily, kuma mutum jinsunan arrow - ƙananan ɓangare na leaf ruwa na wannan shuke-shuke. Na cikin ruwa kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa a cikin ruwa tare tabkuna, yafi amfani da tsire-tsire a matsayin substrate da adana qwai da kuma ciyar da larvae da kuma adult mutane daga cikin wannan jinsin - na cikin ruwa kwayoyin rayuwa a ganye, mai tushe da kuma tushen da ruwa shuke-shuke - kera.

Rawar da shuke-shuke a cikin samuwar Topical links

Flora wakilan ba kawai haifar da asali yanayi na rayuwa da sauran kwayoyin, amma su da kansu suke rayayye da tasiri da abiotic dalilai. Saboda haka, godiya ga sararin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da kuma Siberian gandun daji sanaki wata babbar lamba na kwayoyin a cikin wadannan yankunan a wani musamman microclimate halitta-photosynthetic shuke-shuke.

An halin a mafi dadi zafin jiki da kuma mafi kyau duka zafi. Wannan yana da kyau sakamako a kan rayuwar dabbobi masu shayarwa, da tsuntsaye da kwari - mazaunan wurare masu zafi Jungle da taiga. Topical connection, misalai daga abin da muka riga muka bincika a sama, bayar da shawarar cewa su na taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halitta kunsa, tare da trophic interactions.

Dangantaka tsakanin kwayoyin a cikin Arctic biocenosis

Ban sha'awa abubuwa game da Topical links iya kai yayin da karatu na halitta hadaddun na Arctic. A cikin bazara da tundra da kuma a kan tsibiran Arctic Ocean tashi a babbar dama teku tsuntsaye: guillemots, eiders, guillemots. Sun yi tsuntsu mazauna. A lokacin da kwai-kwanciya (marigayi May - farkon Yuni) tsuntsaye zauna cikin cliffs, yana zaune a kan danda zana hotunan ne sosai kusa da juna. Makwabta waterfowl ne na kowa da yara - da fari mujiya.

Su ba kawai ciyar da su matasa guillemots da murres, amma kuma kare kasarta nesting waterfowl daga hare-haren Foxes da sauran yara. Topical connection, misalai daga abin da muka riga muka bincika a sama, taimakawa ga rayuwa na mutane daban-daban jinsunan da suke zaune a cikin matsananci yanayin damina da Arctic zone.

Features na samuwar Topical dangantakar a biocenosis taiga

B. Beklemisheva karatu an tabbatar da cewa dalilin da Topical dangantaka tsakanin kwayoyin ne don canja sigogi na wanzuwar mutane daga cikin wannan jinsin a sakamakon ayyukan da kwayoyin da sauran jinsunan. Alal misali, yankunan da Siberian Pine (Siberian itacen al'ul) janyo hankalin da yawa mazaunan taiga: squirrels, chipmunk, Sable kuma, ba shakka, daban-daban jinsunan tsuntsaye. Daya daga cikinsu - da Nutcracker. Mutane da wannan nau'in haske a canza launin tare da mai tsawo da kuma wasa baki tsuntsaye. Suka ciyar a kan Pine kwayoyi da kuma adana su a karkashin wani Layer na gansakuka taiga. Manta game da wadannan kayayyaki, da tsuntsaye taimakawa wajen yaduwar mafi muhimmanci da jinsin - Siberian itacen al'ul.

Nau'in na dangantaka da kwayoyin a cikin deciduous gandun daji

Mun yi karatu Topical connection, misalai na da samuwar wanda muka duba a cikin al'amarin na Arctic da Taiga, zai zama bai cika ba idan ba mu gano cewa wadannan dangantaka iya samun mummunan darajar. Saboda haka, a cikin itacen oak gandun daji sanaki kananan Hymenoptera - gall wasps. Its ovipositor mãtã soki fata na itacen oak ganye da allura a cikin parenchyma na kwai. Larvae cewa kyankyasar kwan daga shi allocates yau, a karkashin abin da akwai mahaukaci yaduwa daga cikin takardar, da ake kira "gall". A da shi da tsutsa ne da kare da yawa makiya, amma da shuka kanta rage photosynthetic aiki, kamar yadda ganye suna fama da larvae na kwaro.

Topical sadarwar da ke faruwa tsakanin kwayoyin - hydrobionts

A daukan hankali misali na interactions, wadannan Rasha masana kimiyya Beklemishev - Topical, na iya zama wani m aiki na wasu jinsunan kifaye, da sunan "cleaners" a farfajiya na jiki na babbar na cikin ruwa rayuwa - sharks da kuma Whales. Alal misali, irin wannan matsayin wrasse, ko wasu jinsunan marine jatan lande ne da mãma, a mafi mazaunan dumi tekuna. Shark fata ne sau da yawa lalace kuma Whales parasitic invertebrate, msl, sandhoppers, isopods. Cin su, cleaners ajiye su "abokan ciniki" daga cututtuka da lalacewa ta hanyar pathogenic fata parasites. Kamar wancan ne wanda jinsunan iya samar da mutane na sauran jinsunan ba kawai abinci hulda, amma kuma shafa ta metabolism, kazalika da harshen damo.

Rungumar za mu iya ce tare da amincewa da cewa Topical connection, misalai, da kuma samuwar abin da muka yi nazari a cikin wannan labarin samar da wani hadadden kuma bambancin iri interactions - biyu kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye ba tsakanin mutane daban-daban jinsunan a cikin halitta kunsa - biocenoses.