Abin da aka stylistically canza launin kalmomi? stylistic canza launi

Sun kasance a cikin reshe na kimiyya da hulda tare da horar da bambancin amfani da harshe a sadarwar, kazalika da bayar da ilimi da gaisuwa ga harshe da kanta, da kuma dace yana nufin dole domin ta amfani. Shi ke kira "style" da kuma da wanda ya riga ya rhetoric (oratory ra'ayi), wanda aikatã na musamman tare da jama'a magana style. The style of kimiyya maida hankali ne akan duk tsarin da jawabin wajen. Yana da irin rukunan tare da gaisuwa ga mafi tasiri siffofin magana da tunani da kuma juyayinsu.

Abin da aka stylistically canza launin kalmomi?

Suna amfani ne kawai a takamaiman styles, kamar:

1. Kimiyya ƙamus. Yana hada kalmomi da cewa ana amfani da ilimi, kimiyya da fasaha (msl, kewayo, Laser da sauransu. D.).
2. Siyasa lexicon. A nan ne kalmomi amfani a cikin zaman jama'a da kuma siyasa filin (da dan takarar, taƙaitaccen labari, zaton da sauransu. N.).
3. Conversation ƙamus. An wakilta kalmomi, wanda ake amfani da farko a cikin gida sadarwa, da baki (manyan hotuna, da kuma Inet t. D.). Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na ayyukan art shi da ake amfani da faye hali na leoyan.

Summing up sama, ba za mu iya bayyana cewa, wannan ne stylistically fentin kalmomi. Waɗannan su ne zantuttukan da suka kara da darajar, mafi daidai, sai su kirãyi abu da kuma wuce da shi zuwa dace kima (sakaci, yabo, irony, da sauransu. P.), kazalika da wasu motsin zuciyarmu zuwa gare shi.

Irin stylistic canza launi

Yana hada biyu aka gyara:

1. aikin-manufa stylistic canza launi (saka launi na mutum raka'a wani harshe), wanda, bi da bi, aka raba uku main iri:

• tattaunawar.
• littafin.
• tsaka tsaki.

A farko iri biyu na iya zama:

- nahawu siffofin (msl, yarjejeniyar (tsaka tsaki) - Yarjejeniyar (tattaunawar).

- wata kalma (misali, wuri (tsaka tsaki) - location (littafin).

- salon maganarsu (msl, budewa da kafafu (tattaunawar) - natsu karshe barci (littafin).

- bada shawarwari (misali, saboda ba tashi yanayin yanayi, da jirgin an jinkirta (tsaka tsaki) - saboda hazo, ban tashi daga (salon magana).

2. ma'ana-stylistic canza launi kimantawa (ba dauri ga wani musamman style, dauke a cikin kalma) ya hada da iri uku:

• rage.
• ya karu.
• tsaka tsaki.

Misali: rai (tsaka tsaki) - zhituha (rage) - rai (ya karu).

Baruwan kuma stylistically fentin kalma

A ƙamus na adabi harshe za a iya subdivided cikin biyu main aka gyara: stylistically launin da kuma tsaka tsaki ƙamus.

Baruwan ƙamus - kalmomi da cewa an ba su daura wa wani daga cikin data kasance styles na magana, wato, su za a iya amfani da wani tsarin na jawabin na nufin, domin su ne ma'ana da kuma a tunaninsu canza launin. Duk da haka, wadannan kalmomi da stylistic ma'ana (conversational, littafin, vernacular).

A cewar M. V. Lomonosova ka'idar ( "Three calms"), duk da wasu kalmomi ne ko dai high magana tsarin albarkatun (msl, sauran, kuma mahaifarsa t. D.) Ko wa low (msl, da sauran rana, da ciki da kuma m. N ) ..

A wannan batun, akwai ƙamus magana (m gelding, tsyts, da dai sauransu ...) Kuma da littafin, wanda, bi da bi, ya kasu cikin wadannan iri:

• na aikin kasuwanci (kwangila, yarjejeniya, da dai sauransu ...).
• ƙamus adabi (idanu, magenta, da dai sauransu ...).
• SF (cathetus, taƙaitaccen labari, da dai sauransu ...).
• publicistic (filin ma'aikata, himma, da sauransu. p.).

Kwatance rabe-style

Biyu na su, musamman:

• harshen stylistics.
• style of magana (aikin stylistics).

A farko shugabanci yin nazarin stylistic wajen ƙamus, nahawu da phraseology da stylistic tsarin da harshe.

Na biyu - daban-daban na magana, kuma su dogara a kan daban-daban kalamai na manufofin.

Rabe-raben harsuna Stylistics kamata dauke da manufa na daidaito da kuma ayyuka, kuma daidai da dangantakar daban-daban na magana domin manufar cewa, talakawansa, yanayin sadarwa, marubucin hali da kuma jawabin da addressee.

Its mafi muhimmanci Categories ne aikin styles (iri na misali harshe, wanda bauta daban-daban al'amurran da zamantakewa da rayuwa).

Styles - daban-daban haduwa da harshen amfani a kan aiwatar da sadarwa. Kowane tsarin magana nufin ne halin da wani asali amfani albarkatun ilimin harshe, kazalika da su musamman hade da juna.

Saboda haka, wajibi ne a kirkiro wani definition daga abin da yake a bangaren ilimin harsuna stylistics. Wannan, a sama da dukan, wani reshe na harsuna da karatu da daban-daban styles (harshe, jawabin, Genre, da dai sauransu). Har ila yau batun ta gudanar da bincike ne wani tunanin, ma'ana, kuma evaluative Properties na harshe raka'a a paradigmatic sharuddan (a cikin tsarin na harshe), da kuma syntagmatic al'amari (a fannoni daban daban na sadarwa).

A tsarin da la'akari sashe na harsuna

The style of zamani Rasha harshen kunshi uku main sassa:

1. style na rubutu, wanda ya yi nazarin ta ciki da tsari da kuma ba da harshen na jam'iyya tsakanin abun ciki (manufa, batu da sauransu. D.) Tare da wani harshe magana.

Domin wannan sashe, yana da muhimmanci ga gina da rubutu, da hulda da ta tsarin abubuwa, da dangantakar tsari da kuma abun ciki, da tasiri na da sadarwa nufi da marubucin da kuma addressee, kazalika da tasiri na muhimman hakkokin dalilai. A general, muhimmiyar rawa aka buga da mataki na watsuwar da takamaiman sadarwa ayyuka.

2. aikin stylistics aka mayar da hankali a kan nazarin data kasance hanyoyin da yin amfani da harshen a takamaiman duniyoyin na mutum aiki (administrative, shari'a, kimiyya, zamantakewa da siyasa, da sauransu).

3. A style albarkatun (m stylistics) ke tsunduma a gudanar da bincike na albarkatun ilimin harshe cikin sharuddan su stylistic canza launi (haushi ma'ana da kuma aikin-style). Rahoton ya bincika al'amurran da gaisuwa ga yin amfani da raka'a harshe a matsayin wajen inganta magana na musamman tunani, motsin rai, da kuma bayanai canja wuri.

A wasu kalmomin, da style na zamani Rasha harshen, kazalika da al'adun jawabin da rhetoric karatu al'amurran da suka shafi alaka da mataki na harshe amfani da aiki da kuma ta kudi karkashin fi'ili sadarwa. Ta sha'awa a cikin matsala tare da gaisuwa ga bambancin da expressiveness na magana.

Saboda haka, deciphering duk sassan na style za a iya takaitashi a matsayin ta definition. A cewar stylistic Encyclopedic Dictionary na Rasha harshen, shi ne wani reshe na harsuna da karatu da harshen damar ta hanyar aikewa da ka'idojin aiki a fannoni daban daban na mutum aiki.

Da abun ciki na m style

Da fari dai, shi ya hada janar bayanai tare da gaisuwa ga ilimin harsuna styles. Na biyu, m stylistics ya hada da wani kima na ma'ana wani tunanin canza launi da data kasance albarkatun da harshe. Abu na uku, wannan sashe ya ƙunshi wani dangantawa da albarkatun ilimin harshe.

Jamhuriyar wuri ne da aka ba karshen, don haka kamar yadda:

• a cikin harshen mafi sau da yawa ba cikakkar ma'ana.
• synonymous bambancin kamata ko da yaushe dace da wallafe-wallafen] iya.
• Yana yarda da kwatanta ma'ana a matsayin batu na su zama a lokaci guda kuma a karkashin yanayin da juyin halitta.

Yana da muhimmanci a cikin tsarin na m amfani da stylistic nahawu da lexical albarkatun da harshe.

A tarihin juyin halittar style

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, da gada daga cikin na zamani irin na style sun tsoho da kuma na da poetics kuma rhetoric. A farko da aka gani a matsayin kimiyya wakoki, da kuma na biyu - da kimiyya na oratory, tsakiyar zuwa wanda ke tsunduma a cikin koyarwa game da fi'ili magana akan zabin da wasu kalmomi, su phrases da Figures na magana.

A karkashin Rasha stylistics muhimmiyar rawa ga ka'idar styles farko Rasha masanin kimiyya-halittu M. V. Lomonosova.

A lokaci samo asali a farkon na XIX karni. zai fi dacewa aiki a Jamus romantic, kuma a tsakiyar wannan karni, ƙoƙarin kimiyya gaskata style ( "style Falsafa" Herbert Spencer (1852) da kuma Heymann Steinthal (1866).

Basics na style aka dage farawa a cikin ayyukan AA kuma A Potebni Veselovsky ( "Daga cikin tarihi na epithet").

A wani more kunkuntar ji (as tsari na abubuwa na harshe a cikin wani jawabin a iyakoki na morpheme ga dukan jumla), wannan reshe na harsuna amfani American siffatawa harsuna (40-50-ies. A XX-karni.).

A mafi fadi hankali, da style da aka gane da zamani Turanci harsuna rubutu. Bugu da kari, wadannan hade Concepts kamar bambancin da 'yancin zabi da siffofin da kuma hanyoyin da marubucin na rubutu ko magana da aka mai tsanani keta, sai ta gano karin tare da nahawu (rubutu stylistics).

Kamar yadda rukunan daidai da rubutu da karin-matani harshen subsystems ( "code", da na kowa harshe, da sauransu. D.) Style aka ci gaba da wakilan da Prague ilimin harsuna makaranta ne a tarihi da yawa a baya (30-40-ies. A XX-karni.). Ga dukan jawabin yi (na baka ko rubuce) an fahimci matsayin sakamakon wani zabi da magana daga takamaiman ilimin harsuna siffofin ciki har da pre-bayar da dama ga harshe (nahawu, syntactic, karin lafazi, lexical). Kazalika da hade daga gare ta, a cikin tsarin na jawabin yi, ba shakka, dangane da "aikin".

Dalili na da irin wannan fassarar da style da aka manufar "aikin" ( "Communication") style of magana. Yana zo a cikin ra'ayi na Charles Bally: a cikin harshen ne da mayar da hankali mahara synonymous siffofin, tare da layuka, daya daga wanda yake shi ne "tsaka tsaki bango", da kuma sauran masu sãɓãwar launukansa ƙarin launi - stylistic.

Sharudda ga kimantawa da stylistic ƙamus

A mafi muhimmanci biyu da su bayyana, musamman:

1. Gaban ko babu kalmomi na ga wani musamman aikin style na Rasha harshe.
2. A gaban wani tunanin canza launi da magana (ma'ana yiwuwa na harshe raka'a).

Wannan mas'ala ta stylistic connotations

Stylistic ma'anar kalmar - shi ne dũkiyar abun ciki ko sauti nau'i mai ilimin harsuna naúrar, wanda ya takaita ta yin amfani da wani takamaiman style. Yana yana da wani sunan - da connotation (connotation).

Sau da yawa sosai, akwai lokacin da yana da wuya a bambanta tsakanin stylistic da lexical ma'anar harshen raka'a. Alal misali, kalmomi kamar goshin, cheeks da lebe ne daga ilimin Halittar Jiki Concepts (part kwanyar, sassa na fuska, fata-tsoka folds), da kuma m tserkovnoslavyanizmy (goshi, cheeks, da kuma lebe) - "tafki na ideas", "source na zance hikima."

Saboda haka, zamu iya cewa nan Yanã shigar da connotation na lexical ma'anar kalmar. Duk da haka na ginin jumla da bambance-bambance stylistic embodiments iya zama kadan (msl, Breg - Beach, sanyin cewa - sanyi, da dai sauransu ...). A wannan connection, za mu iya zaɓi wani stylistic fasalin dabi'u kamar 'yancin kai.

aka gyara connotations

Uku daga cikinsu:

1. Aikin-style. Yana ma'anar naúrar na harshe na wani musamman style.
2. Haushi-kiyasta. Wannan yanayin ya tsayar da wata dangantaka da magana zuwa ga jawabin abu.
3. Ma'ana (ma'ana). Ya nuna sha'awar na magana, sai su yi magana, "kawata" shi. Jimlace expressivity za a iya gane yadda Ana ɗaukaka ciki nau'i na da kalmar (da alaka tsakanin darajar da sauti).

A stylistic fasali na harshe raka'a

A yawa daga gare su, duk da haka, ya yanke shawarar ware da wadannan:

• tushe:

- sadarwa aiki (sadarwa tsari).

- fahimi (tunani da tsari).

• farko.
• Kalam (m).

Stylistic siffofin da kalmomi (kowa da harshen) ya kasu kashi uku kungiyoyin:

• nominative (nadi na mamaki da kuma abubuwa na extralinguistic gaskiya).
• wani tunanin (magana game da dangantakar da magana zuwa ga jawabin abu).
• conative (fuskantarwa dangi da interlocutor).

Basic ayyuka suna kullum ake magana a kai a matsayin janar ilimin harsuna, wanda bayyana kansu a cikin wani yawan kalamai (ba tare da tunani da stylistic akidar).

Clichés da kantselyarizmy

Abin da aka stylistically fentin kalmomi, a baya tattauna, shi ne a yanzu daraja da yawa tare da kurakurai da cewa suna lalacewa ta hanyar da m amfani. Musamman hankali ne ya biya zuwa harshen raka'a, wanda suna da alaka da hukuma style.

Its abubuwa suna kunshe a cikin stylistically unacceptable ga su mahallin, da ake kira kantselyarizmami ( "Rasha harshen aji 10"). Yana da daraja a tuna cewa wannan lokaci ake magana a jawabin da sabis kawai a lokuta inda suke amfani da shi a magana, wanda aka ba a ɗaure da bukatunsu na wannan style.

By phraseological da lexical kantselyarizmam yarda da kalmar (magana) da ciwon yawanci hankula ga tsarin murya canza launi jamiái (msl, domin rashin, idan wani, to, ku kãmã, kuma m. P.). Su yi amfani da a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan style sa shi stylistically understated.

Yana da daraja a tuna cewa irin wannan stylistically fentin kalmomi - harshe raka'a tare da kara darajar.

Tasirin hukuma style da ya bayyana ta amfani da clichés (keywords cewa sun samu sosai tartsatsi, da maganganu da suka tarnished sharewa ilimin harsuna da kuma wani tunanin). Alal misali, a cikin wani iri-iri riƙa, sau da yawa amfani da magana "samun rajista" ( "The ball, wanda ya yi hijira a cikin burin, karɓa mai zama a yarda a allunan", "Aphrodite zama m nuna na gidan kayan gargajiya tarin, haka shi ya samu wurin zama a yarda a cikin birni").

Hatimi kuma iya zama wani sau da yawa maimaita magana, misali formulaic metaphors (da definition wanda suka rasa alama da karfi saboda da m amfani a tattaunawar). Duk da haka, a cikin m style wannan lokaci yana da wani karin kunkuntar fassarar: shi ne stereotyped maganganu mallakan clerical launi ( "Rasha harshen aji 10").

M kalmomi a cikin maras bayyani darajar, kuma iya aiki a matsayin clichés (misali, yawan, batun, dirka, a tsare, motsa jiki, da za'ayi raba, da sauransu).

Su ya kamata a bambanta daga abin da ake kira locales (wajen aikewa da cewa an fassara a cikin jawabin, wanda ake amfani da shi a aikin jaridar style).

Wadannan sun hada da mai hade da ciwon barga harafin (da aikin sabis, jama'a kansu ma'aikatan, kasa da kasa bayar da agaji da kuma sauransu. D.). Suna yadu amfani da 'yan jarida saboda gaskiyar cewa ba shi yiwuwa a kullum harkokin fundamentally sabon hanyar magana.