A zamanin mulkin Nicholas 2. Nicholas II: biography, siyasa

2 Nikolai Alexandrovich (May 6, 1868 - Yuli 17, 1918) - karshe Rasha sarki, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1894 zuwa 1917, shi ne ɗan fari na Alexander 3, da kuma Maria Feodorovna, an girmamawa memba na St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. A Soviet historiographical hadisin epithet shi aka bai wa shi "Kazamin." Rayuwa 2 Nicholas da mulkinsa da aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin.

Brief sarautar Nicholas 2

A lokacin zamanin mulkin Nicholas 2 ya aiki ci gaban tattalin arziki na Rasha. A daidai wannan sarki kasa shi rasa a Rasha-Japanese yaki na 1904-1905., Wanda shi ne daya daga cikin Sanadin neman sauyi events na 1905-1907., A musamman tallafi na Shelar na Oktoba 17, 1905, bisa ga abin da aka yarda da halittar daban-daban jam'iyyun siyasa, kazalika da kafa Jihar Duma. A wannan manifesto da aka kaddamar agrarian garambawul Stolypin. A 1907, Rasha zama memba na Entente kuma da tsarin da aka hannu a yakin duniya na farko. A watan Agusta 1915, Nicholas Romanov 2 zama babban kwamandan. A lokacin da juyin juya halin Fabrairu na Maris 2, 1917, wato Sarkin abdicated. Ya kuma dukan iyali da aka kashe. Rasha Orthodox Church canonized su a 2000.

Yara, farkon shekaru

Lokacin Nikolai Alexandrovich ya 8 years old, ya fara da ilimi a gida. A shirin hada janar ilimi da darussa zaunanniya shekaru takwas. Kuma a sa'an nan - a hanya na Higher Sciences shekaru biyar. Dalili na shirin sa na gargajiya makaranta. Amma maimakon Greek kuma Latin nan gaba, Sarkin ƙware o, mineralogy, Anatomy, ilmin dabbobi da kuma Physiology. Advanced Darussan sun Rasha adabi, tarihi da kuma kasashen waje harsuna. Bugu da kari, cikin mafi girma ilimi shirin hada da nazarin dokar, tattalin arziki da kuma soja harkokin (manufofin, dokar, sabis na Janar Staff, labarin kasa). Nikolai 2 aka kuma tsunduma a wasan zorro, vaulting, music, zanen. 3 Alexander da matarsa Maria Fedorovna kansu zaba domin nan gaba, Sarkin jagoranci da kuma malamai. Daga cikinsu akwai sojoji da jami'an gwamnati, masana kimiyya: N. H. Bunge, K. P. Pobedonostsev, NN Obruchev, MI Dragomirov, N. K. Girs, AR Drenteln.

Early aiki

Tun suna yara, nan gaba Sarkin sarakuna Nicholas 2 sha'awar soja harkokin: ya daidai san da soja dokokin da hadisai tsakanin shugabanni da sojoji bai kauce farga da kansu su shawarta ya zama majiɓinci, sauki kawo zuwa sansanin horar da kuma kudade cikas na sojojin rayuwa.

Nan da nan bayan haihuwa, nan gaba, Sarkin rubuce a cikin da dama daga cikin Guards regiments, da kuma sanya shugaban 65th dakaru rajimanti na Moscow. A cikin shekaru biyar da shekaru, Nicholas 2 (da kwanan wata na kwamitin -. 1894-1917 shekaru) An nada shugaban Life Guards Reserve rajimanti, kuma daga baya, a 1875, da Erivan rajimanti. A farko soja daraja (leftana), nan gaba sarki ya a watan Disamba 1875, kuma a 1880 ya aka sanya a karo na biyu leftana, da kuma shekaru hudu daga baya - to leftana.

Domin aiki soja sabis, Nikolai 2 zo a 1884, kuma tun Yuli 1887 ya yi aiki a cikin Preobrazhensky rajimanti da kai da daraja na kyaftin. Ya zama kyaftin a 1891, da kuma wani shekara daga baya - a kanar.

A farkon sarautar da

Ya mutu bayan wani dogon rashin lafiya, Alexander 1, 2 da kuma Nicholas a wannan rana samu da jirgi a cikin Moscow a shekaru 26, Oktoba 20, 1894.

A lokacin da ya hukuma sa kambi bikin May 18, 1896, an yi ta ban mamaki aukuwa a cikin Khodynka filin. Tarzoma ta faru a wani yunkri stampede kashe da kuma raunata dubban mutane.

Khodynka ba a yi nufi ga jama'a bukukuwa, kamar yadda yake horo tushe ga dakarun, da kuma don haka shi ne neblagoustroeno. Dama gaba da filin wani kwazazzabo, kuma shi kansa aka rufe da yawa ramukan. A lokaci na bikin na rami da kwari rufe allon kuma rufe da yashi, kuma ya sa a kan kewaye shagunan, bukkoki, stalls ga dispensing free vodka da kuma kayayyakin. Lokacin da mutane suna janyo hankalin da jita-jita game da rarraba kudi da kuma kyautai, mu garzaya zuwa gine-gine rushe cikas, rufe da rami, da mutane fadi, ba tare da ya tsaya: sun gudu taron. A 'yan sanda, ta share ta da kalaman, ba zai iya yin wani abu. Kawai bayan reinforcements ya iso, taron hankali tarwatsa, da barin yankin na jiki mangled kuma tattake mutane.

A shekara ta farko da ta sarautar

A cikin farkon shekaru na mulkin Nicholas 2 janar ƙidaya yawan da monetary garambawul da aka za'ayi. Rasha a zamanin mulkin wannan monarch zama wani agrarian-masana'antu jihar: to gina railroads, birane girma, akwai masana'antu Enterprises. Sarkin sarakuna ya dauki yanke shawara da nufin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na zamani da Rasha: da ruble zinariya kudin da aka gabatar, da dama dokokin a kan ma'aikata 'inshora, da za'ayi agrarian garambawul Stolypin, da dokoki a kan addini juna da ragowa da duniya firamarensa.

babban events

A zamanin mulkin Nicholas 2 da aka alama ta karfi da ƙarin tsanani daga cikin rayuwar siyasa na Rasha, kazalika da wuya kasashen waje da manufofin halin da ake ciki (events na Rasha-Japanese yaki na 1904-1905, da 1905-1907 juyin juya halin a kasar, yakin duniya na farko, da kuma a 1917 - Fabrairu juyin juya halin) .

Rasha-Japanese War, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1904, ko da yake ba sa mai girma lalacewar kasar, amma muhimmanci girgiza ikon sarki. Bayan da yawa setbacks da kuma asarar da a yakin Tsushima a 1905 ƙare kaye na Rasha jiragen ruwa.

Juyin juya halin na 1905-1907.

Janairu 9th, 1905 juyin juya halin ya barke, cewa ranar da aka kira Kazamin Lahadi. Sojojin gwamnatin harbe zanga-zanga da ma'aikata, ta shirya, kamar yadda aka fiye ĩmãni, Georgiem Gaponom, firist na sufuri kurkuku a St. Petersburg. A sakamakon da harbe-harbe sun kashe fiye da dubu zanga-zanga da suka sashi a cikin lumana Maris zuwa Winter Palace to sallama a takarda ga sarki game da bukatun ma'aikatan.

Bayan haka, wannan yunkuri watsu wasu Rasha birane. M ayyuka sun kasance a cikin Navy da kuma a cikin Army. Saboda haka, Yuni 14, 1905 matuƙan kwace jirgin ruwa na soja "Potemkin", ya aka kawo Odessa, inda a wancan lokacin ya kasance da janar doka. Duk da haka, da matuƙan bai yi kuskure ya je bakin teku, don tallafa wa ma'aikata. "Potemkin" ya tafi Romania da kuma mika wuya ga hukuma. Wurare da dama a wasanni sun tilasta wa sarki don shiga cikin Shelar na 17 Oktoba 1905 da shekara ya cewa ba mazauna yancin walwala.

Ba kasancewa a kawo canji da yanayi, da sarki ya tilasta su aiwatar da sauye-sauye da bai dace ba to ta imani. Ya yi imani da cewa lokaci ne ba cikakke ga 'yancin magana a Rasha, da tsarin mulki, ke wahala. Amma Nicholas 2 (photos of wanda aka gabatar a cikin labarin) an tilasta wa shiga Shelar na Oktoba 17, 1905, shi ya fara aiki a matsayin zamantakewa motsi siyasa canji.

Da kafa jihar Duma

The sarki manifesto a shekarar 1906, jihar Duma da aka kafa. A cikin tarihi na Rasha, na farko sarki ya fara sarauta a gaban wani wakilin zabe jiki na yawan jama'a. Wannan shi ne, Rasha ne a hankali zama tsarin mulki daular mulkinsu. Duk da haka, duk da wadannan canje-canje, da Sarkin sarakuna a zamanin mulkin Nicholas 2 har yanzu yana da babbar iko: da ya buga a cikin nau'i na umurnin dokoki, ta nada ministocin da firaministan kasar, da lissafi kawai ga shi, shi ne shugaban kotun, sojojin da majiɓinci, saint na Church, a tsare da kasashen waje da manufofin Hakika na kasar mu.

A farko juyin juya halin na 1905-1907 nuna rikici mai zurfi cewa wanzu a wannan lokaci a cikin Rasha jihar.

Nicholas 2 Hali

Daga cikin ra'ayi da tsaransa, mutuntakarsa, da babban harafin dabiu, karfi da kuma kasawan suka kasance wajen shubuha da ya sa wani lokacin rigima. Kamar yadda da yawa daga cikinsu, Nicholas 2 halin irin wannan muhimmanci fasali a matsayin wani rauni. Duk da haka, akwai wadatacce shaida cewa Sarkin sarakuna ke kokarin yi da ra'ayoyi da kuma manufofin, wani lokacin short yayin da taurin (kawai sau daya, a sanya hannu na Shelar na Oktoba 17, 1905, sai aka tilasta masa mika zuwa wani ta so).

A bambanci wa ubansa, Alexander 3, Nicholas 2 (a hoto na shi, duba ƙasa) bai halitta ra'ayi na mai karfi hali. Duk da haka, bisa ga rufe abokai tare da shi da mutanen da yake da shi kwarai da kwanciyar hankali, wani lokacin fassara a matsayin rashin tunani ga al'adar mutane da kuma kasashe (misali, tare da equanimity, ta sãme sarki yanayi, sai ya sadu da labarai na fall na Port Arthur da kuma shan kashi na Rasha sojojin a cikin Farko Duniya yaki).

Tsunduma a harkokin jama'a, Tsar Nicholas 2 nuna "m himma", kazalika da kula da kuma daidaito (haka ya taba yana da sirri magatakarda, da duk na buga a kan haruffa ya sanya hannunsa). Ko da yake a general da sararin ikon gudanarwa ne har yanzu a "nauyi" a gare shi. A cewar Sahaban, Czar Nicholas da 2 tenacious memory, kallo da kuma zumunci ya sada zumunci, suna fadin, kuma m mutum. Mafi yawansu duk ya mai daraja yayin da halaye, da zaman lafiya, kiwon lafiya, da kuma musamman jindadin kansa iyali.

2 Nicholas da iyalinsa

Goyi bayan iyalinsa bauta wa sarki. Alexandra da aka ba kawai matarsa amma kuma mai ba da shawara, wani aboki da shi. Bikin aure da aka gudanar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, 1894. Interests, ra'ayoyi da halaye na maza sau da yawa ba daidaita, sun fi mayar saboda al'adu bambance-bambance, saboda Empress wani Jamus gimbiya. Duk da haka, wannan bai hana iyali yarjejeniya. Ma'auratan sun biyar yara: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia kuma Alexei.

sarauta iyali wasan kwaikwayo da aka sa ta rashin lafiya Alexei, suka sha wahala daga hemophilia (incoagulability jini). Yana da wannan cuta ne cikin hanyar gidan sarki Grigoriya Rasputina, shahara ga kyautar waraka da kuma hangen nesa. Ya sau da yawa ya taimaka Alexei mu jimre wa bouts na rashin lafiya.

A yakin duniya na farko

1914 ya juyo a cikin rabo na Nicholas 2. Wannan lokacin yakin duniya na farko. Sarkin sarakuna bai so wannan yaki, kokarin har karshe lokacin kauce wa sarayya. Amma a kan Yuli 19 (1 ga watan Agusta) 1914 Jamus har yanzu yanke shawarar zuwa yaki tare da Rasha.

A watan Agusta na 1915, alama ta wani mayẽwa daga soja setbacks, Nicholas 2, da labarin na Board wanda yake riga kusa da karshe, ya zaci rawar da kwamandan a manyan Rasha sojojin. Ta aka farko sanya wa Duke Nicholas (junior). Tun daga nan sire kawai lokaci-lokaci ziyarci babban birnin kasar jawabin da mafi yawan lokaci a cikin Mogilev High kudi a Chief.

A yakin duniya na farko ƙarfafa ciki matsaloli na Rasha. Babban m raunuka da kuma protracted yakin da aka gani a matsayin sarki da ayarinsa. A view shi ne cewa "nestles cin amanar kasa" a cikin gwamnatin Rasha. A soja umurnin kasar karkashin jagorancin sarki a farkon 1917 halitta wani shiri ga wani janar m a kan abin da bazara na 1917 da aka shirya ya kawo karshen adawa.

Renunciation Nicholas 2

Duk da haka, a karshen Fabrairu wannan shekara, disturbances barke a Petrograd, wanda, saboda babu wani karfi da 'yan adawa na hukuma, da girma da' yan kwanaki a taro siyasa da zanga-zanga da sarki na daular Qing da kuma gwamnati. Da farko Nikolai 2 shirya da karfi don cimma domin a babban birnin kasar, amma, tun fahimci gaskiya sikelin da zanga-zangar, ya ba har wannan shirin, tsoron kara zubar da jini da cewa shi zai iya sa. Wasu daga cikin manyan jami'an kasar, 'yan siyasa da kuma mambobi ne na sarki Tawagar bukaci masa abin kashe tashin dole canji na gwamnati, da abdication na Nicholas 2 daga kursiyin.

Bayan m tunani Maris 2, 1917 a Pskov, a lokacin da tafiya zuwa fadar jirgin kasa, Nicholas 2 yanke shawarar shiga aikin abdication daga kursiyin, da Board, da ɗan'uwansa, Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. Duk da haka, ya ki yarda da kambi. Renunciation Nicholas 2 haka nufi karshen zamanin daular.

A karshe watanni na rayuwa

2 Nicholas da iyalinsa da aka kama a kan Maris 9 na wannan shekara. Da farko ta watanni biyar da suka kasance a Tsarskoye Selo, karkashin kariyar, kuma a watan Agusta 1917 suka aika zuwa Tobolsk. Sa'an nan, a watan Afrilu na shekarar 1918, da Bolsheviks koma Nicholas da iyalinsa a cikin Ekaterinburg. A nan, a kan dare na Yuli 17, 1918, a cikin tsakiyar birnin, a cikin ginshiki na da Ipatiev gidan, inda 'yan sarƙa sun kasance a kurkuku, da Sarkin sarakuna Nicholas 2, ya' ya'ya biyar, matarsa da wasu abokansa na sarki, ciki har da iyali likita Botkin da bayinsa, ba tare da cajin ko fitina da aka harba. An kashe mutane goma sha.

A shekarar 2000, ta hanyar da shawarar da Church 2 Nikolay Romanov da iyalinsa suna canonized, kuma a wuri na Ipatiev ta gidan da aka gina Orthodox coci.