A tarihin na Metro (Moscow): ban sha'awa facts da hotuna

A Moscow Metro ne daya daga cikin mafi m, abin dogara da kuma kyau a duniya. Its 44 tashoshin suna da matsayi na gine-gine Masterpieces kuma suna cikin abubuwa na al'adu na shiyya muhimmanci. A tarihin na Moscow Metro (wasu hotuna na shuke-shuke gabatar a kasa) da aka inextricably nasaba da tarihin kasarmu. Wannan shi ne bayyana musamman a lokacin da tafiya ta cikin tashoshin da wani mai shiryarwa gaya game da haruffa a kewaye a cikin abubuwa da cewa ƙawata dakunan.

shekarar da Metro kawai mafarkin na kafin 1917 juyin juya halin

A tarihin jirgin karkashin kasa a Moscow, yana da kadan fiye da shekaru 140 - da ra'ayin shirya wani boye sadarwa tsakanin Kursk Station da kuma Marina ɗan kurmi tashi a farkon 1875. A farko ayyukan nema a mayar da 1902. Daya daga cikin su ɓullo da m P. A. Balinsky kuma m E. K. Knorre, da kuma sauran - Railway m N. Dmitriev, {ungiyar AI, da kuma NI Antonovich Golinevich. Moscow City Duma ƙaryata biyu, amma sũ ne suka kasance akai na uku aikin, soma a 1913, kazalika da wa m mãsu girmansu.

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1914 da gina jirgin karkashin kasa a birnin Moscow ya fara. Tarihi, duk da haka, ya nuna yanayin - a watan Yuni a Sarajevo da aka kashe Archduke Franz Ferdinand na Austria. The ban tausayi taron shi ne farkon yakin duniya na farko, wanda ya shiga tsakani da kuma Rasha. All zaman lafiya da tsare-tsaren rushe. jirgin karkashin kasa yi aikin tsaya, kawai fara.

A farkon Soviet tarihi na Moscow Metro

A tarihin jirgin karkashin kasa a birnin Moscow za a ci gaba ne kawai bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin.

By 1923, babban birnin ji irin wannan m karancin kai interchanges cewa jinkirta da kwanciya boye Lines kamar ba zai yiwu. Tsohon shirin rabu amfani, da kuma aka yanke shawarar shigar da kara a zane injiniyoyi daga cikin shahararrun Jamus damuwa Siemens AG.

A shekara ta 1925 da aikin da aka shirya. Yana hada da 80 km boye Tunnels da 86 tashoshin, amma da aiwatar da ake bukata a disproportionately mafi girma adadin kudi fiye da abokin ciniki sa ran, don haka aikin da aka ƙi.

A cikin watan Yuni 1931 a Plenum na kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU (b), da jerawa na LM Kaganovich, ke wahala 'yan majalisar dokokin dauki tarihi yanke shawarar ci gaba aiki a kan jirgin karkashin kasa. A sakamakon haka, shi shirya Trust "Metrostroy", da kuma a watan Nuwamba, na gaba aikin na farko line gabatar da gwamnatin. Kusan nan da nan suka fara murhu da kuma tashar yi. Haka abin ya fara wani sabon tarihi na jirgin karkashin kasa.

Moscow shiga cikin jerin drum gine-gine na Soviet iko. Daga bisani, a kan gina jirgin karkashin kasa ya ɓullo da yawa camfin da Legends da aka rubuta da yawa daga littattafai da Soviet da kuma kasashen waje mawallafa, ciki har da duka gaskiya da almara bayanai cire isa yawan alama fina-finan da kuma Documentaries. Wannan shi ne m - busiest lokaci ya zo daidai da lokacin da kasar da aka mulki ta hanyar Iosif Stalin.

Horror labaru game da karkashin kasa

Horror labaru na Moscow Metro ga mafi part da alaka da rami yi da farko na yi. A baya sau da aka ce musu, a wani rada, tare da wani ido a kan baki. Duk da iko aiki na Stalin ta farfaganda na'ura da kuma mai tauri gwagwarmaya da dukkan manifestations m damunsu chilling jita-jita da aka yada a fadin Moscow.

Daya daga cikin tsoro labaru na Moscow Metro ne har yanzu labari na fatalwa jirgin kasa. An ce, wani lokacin ya fita daga rami tsarin, da windows daga wanda ke bayyane silhouettes mutane, ado a cikin wani m tufafi nanata - da fatalwowi da fursunonin da suka mutu a cikin rami rufi. Yawancin lokaci, jirgin kasa gudanar maras tsayawa, amma wani lokacin shi slows saukar, kuma kofofin bude. Bone ya tabbata ga wanda ya zai sauka a daya daga cikin motoci, fasinjoji ba su dauke.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa tarihi na Metro tashoshin a Moscow ne cike da irin waɗannan tãtsũniyõyin. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda a lokacin da digging na ramuka da Tunnels metrostroevtsy a kai a kai ya gana da ragowar tsoho kaburbura. Matattu, ba shakka, babu daya karanta binne sabis. Suna kawai perezahoranivali wani wuri kusa da nan. M mutane da wannan hali ga matattu kuma yanzu dauke da wani sharri alamar - damuwa rãyukansu yawon daga tashar zuwa tashar da kuma saka wa masu laifi ga take hakkin da zaman lafiya. Rashin ganin girman saura ba sa m-ilimi mutane a dukan jita-jita - wata halitta dauki ga tsõron azãbar sojojin allahntaka.

Da dama wuraren view kan tasiri yi da Tarayyar Soviet

akwai da dama wuraren view a kan abin da ya faru a matsayin jirgin karkashin kasa yi a Moscow a Rasha sani.

A tarihin na aikin bayar a cikin Stalinist kafofin watsa labarai ya gaya game da heroism na Soviet mutane, na wani dan gajeren lokaci don yin gaba feat na aiki domin amfanin ƙaunataccen Mahaifa, mahaifiyata kuma a rikodin lokaci, gina mafi kyau Metro a duniya. Jagoranci da kuma shiryarwa rawar da jam'iyyar kwaminis da kuma ta kwamitin tsakiya akwai da aka bai musamman, m kuma sosai sararin sarari.

Khrushchev da kuma post-Soviet tarihi na Moscow Metro ne mafi muhimmanci spots a fallasa da hali daba na tanƙwasawa, reveling a Unlimited ikon da ya hallaka m yawan mutane. Wannan version ya dade da aka dauke da kawai daidai daya. A kafofin watsa labarai rubuta cewa dubban mutane suka mutu daga overwork da ake magana a kai sansanonin domin ɓarna da gangan, subversion da hannu a leken asirin ƙulla makirci a cikin Soviet gwamnati. Kuma shi ne ainihin al'amarin?

Daga farko da tsare-tsaren kafin fara mataki na farko

A shekarar 2012, a cikin Rasha da aka buga a wani littafi da Jamusanci tarihi Dietmar Noytattsa "Moscow Metro - daga farko shiryawa zuwa babban Stalinist yi (1897-1935)." Ya rubuta aikin a cikin marigayi '90s, da kuma yayin da aiki a kan littafin ya dauki shekaru biyar na masanin kimiyya. Ya yayi cikakkar karatu duk da cewa ya kiyaye tarihi na Moscow ta jirgin karkashin kasa. Documentary hotunan, newsreels, Siyasa kayan, jaridar kuma mujallar articles, kimiyya ayyukan takwarorina game da tarihin Moscow Metro, suka kasance sunã yi karatu daga zalla Jamus pedantry.

A lokacin da ya gudanar da bincike rufe 1897-1935 shekaru., Wannan shi ne, lokacin da, tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, na da ra'ayin da sake gina Moscow kai tsarin rukunin farko na farawa. Ya yi mamaki dalilin da ya sa a karkashin kasa ya fara gina a lokacin da akwai tashi a bukatar, da kuma na farko real-duniya ayyukan, da kuma kasar da aka fabulously m? Domin wasu dalilai, da Rasha, mutane sun sha wahala sosai wahala da kuma rasa kiwon lafiya a kan wani m gini, ba tare da bukata a manyan albashin da sauran diyya?

A bayyane yake, da bukatar ta taso a jirgin karkashin kasa da baya a fadar sau, a lokacin da, bayan canja wuri na babban birnin kasar daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow don samun wani ambaliya da sabon yawan jama'a. Wannan rafi da aka fi karu bayan farkon collectivization, a lokacin da mutane rasa damar da za su rayu da kuma aiki kullum a ƙasarsu, gudu daga yunwa, kuma devastation, su aka tilasta neman tsari a cikin birane, ciki har da Moscow.

Noytatts Mr. kiwata muhimmanci sosai a kan al'amurran da suka shafi kasar mu, kera a kan tarihin na Moscow Metro. A cikin gabatarwar littafinsa, ya rubuta cewa wannan tambaya yana da sha'awa saboda kama da haukan Rasha da kuma Jamus al'umma - biyu a cikin yanayi ma'aikata, duka ayan fada karkashin mulkin totalitarian shugabanni. Ya jaddada cewa, a Nazi Jamus, akwai wani tsari kamar irin waɗanda cewa aiki a cikin kasar, da kuma mun gano wannan ne musamman gaskiya a yadda da labarin samo asali karkashin kasa. Moscow ne a replica na dukan kasar, da kuma tarihi ta aiki, tare da nazarin da events - don nazarin suka wuce suka faru domin kauce wa maimaita baya kuskure.

"Metro 2"

Ashe, akwai wani asirin yau a Moscow Metro? Tarihi na ban sha'awa facts da asirin fraught tare da ba ma dogon. Wannan ya shafi, misali, wani Babbar cibiyar sadarwar dogo hanyoyi da kuma bunkers, wanda a Soviet sau aka haƙa a karkashin kasa da kuma sanye take da latest fasahar. Amma da zarar wani ya faru da cewa ya faru Nuwamba 6, 1941, a kan Hauwa'u na soja farati girmama na 24th ranar tunawa da Oktoba juyin juya halin, shi ya generated daga Muscovites mai yawa jita-jita da hasashe.

A da Great Patriotic War. Jamus ne a cikin ikon sojojinsa fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa aiki "Typhoon", da nufin kamawa da babban birnin kasar na Tarayyar Soviet. A kan Hauwa'u na yaƙi rattled riga 'yan dozin kilomita daga Moscow, amma rate yana gangarawa zuwa cikin babban kwamandan ci gaba da zama a cikin birni. A kan Metro tashar "Mayakovskaya" da taron ya faru. Nan da nan katse wani taro da ya bayyana a gaban Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin da kaina da tura. Ya sanya wani jawabin cewa sanya wani ƙarfi, kuma ƙarfin hali daga cikin mazaunan da kuma kare birnin. Sai shugaban ya bar tashar kamar yadda zato ba tsammani, kuma mysteriously kamar yadda ya bayyana. A wannan yanayin, babu wanda ya gani, kuma ba kamar yadda m kwamandan bar kudi, wanda ya ga zance, kuma ba yadda za ya dawo cikin shi.

Gaskiyar ita ce, ban da wadanda tashoshin da jirgin karkashin kasa Lines da tsara da kuma sananne ga dukan, da Moscow Metro yana da m karkashin kasa da kayayyakin more rayuwa, wanda sun fi mayar kunshi abubuwa na asiri makõma. suka samu da sunan "Metro 2" Da wani haske hannun mujallar "Ogonyok" Editocin.

Duk da cewa ta hanyar infrared radiation da cikakken na analysis sanya tare da wucin gadi da tauraron dan adam, wadannan abubuwa sun dogon rubuce da kuma bayanai game da su ne a hankali seeping a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, ga mafi yawan mutane, suka zama wani asiri.

A halin yanzu, Jihar wadannan abubuwa ne kiyaye yadda ya dace, kamar yadda suka ci gaba da samun dabarun muhimmancin.

Mutane da yawa dogon-tsaye asiri "Karkashin kasa 2" suna bayyana a cikin "Underworld" labari Vladimir Gonick. Ya yi aiki a kan littafin da hutu don uku shekarun da suka gabata, tun a cikin marigayi 60s. Marubucin kansa akai-akai ya sauko cikin nawa, magana da Tsohon soji 'Metrostroi ", kazalika da soja, bauta da karkashin kasa wurare.

Vladimir Gonick dogon lokaci aiki a matsayin likita a asibitin na ma'aikatar tsaron kasar. Za mu iya cewa da dungeons na Moscow , ya sadaukar da dukan rai. A Soviet sau, wadannan ayukan hutu da aka dakatar kuma mai tsanani azabtar, don haka da yin nazari Vladimir Semenovich gudanar a strictest amincewa. A shekarar 1992 jaridar "Top Asirin" saki na farko trailer of littafinsa sa'an nan "Matasa" mujallar buga wani dukan labari, da ɗan rage da mutum surori.

Littafin yana jawabi ga duk wadanda sha'awar a cikin tarihin na karkashin kasa. Moscow Gonick Gilyarovskogo ba son Moscow, amma tafiya ta hanyar da Maze na karkashin kasa look kamar yadda daurin boye, kamar yadda waɗanda aka bayyana a Gilyarovski asirin kurkuku a dutse bututu Neglinka gado.

balaguro din

A Moscow Metro yana da wani yawon shakatawa tebur. An located a tashar "Nunin", da kuma "Sport" shirya da National Museum tashar Moscow Metro. A manyan yawan hanyoyin gabatar da baƙi zuwa babban birnin kasar da kuma Muscovites, ba kawai tare da mafi kyau tashoshin, amma kuma a ciki, karkashin kasa rai na sha'anin.

A cikin labarun na shiryar - dukan tarihin na Moscow Metro. Ga yara, dangane da shekaru, mutum shirye-shirye suna ci gaba. Sun hada da ziyarar electrodepot. Bada yara su zauna a cikin direba ta gida da kuma ganin abin da sunadaran sarrafa motsi na jiragen kasa. Su ma saba da aiki da sauran kwararru jirgin karkashin kasa.

Domin tsofaffi yawon shakatawa - shi ne wata damar shirya su gaba sana'a da kuma koyi yadda za a koyi don samun lura hali.

Masu ziyara zuwa babban birnin kasar yawanci farin ciki don sauraron tsoro labaru game da Moscow Metro.

A ziyarar da karkashin kasa da gidan kayan gargajiya ba ka damar ganin wani dada aiki na mafi jirgin karkashin kasa tsarin -. Cabin Metro jirgin kasa, turnstiles, zirga-zirga hasken wuta, escalators, da dai sauransu Manyan sikelin model na jirgin karkashin kasa Lines da jiragen kasa motsi a karkashin titunan Moscow, an yi tare da high ainihin kuma dubi sosai ban sha'awa.

A mafi kyau tashar

Beauty of Moscow Metro tashoshin - da abin yabo daga cikin fice Soviet gine-ginen da kuma artists. Wannan, ba shakka, gine-ginen Aleksey Schusev, Nikolai Kolli, Ivan Fomin, Alexei Dushkin, matar Ivan Taranov da Nadezhda Bykov, Pavel Korin artists, Vladimir Frolov da Alexander Deineka, sculptor Matiyu Manizer da sauransu. Da basira da kuma aiki tukuru ana buƙatar bin tashar domin ta style: "Komsomol", "Mayakovskaya", "Novoslobodskaya", "Taganskaya", "Wasan Kwaikwayo", "Novokuznetskaya", "juyin juya halin Square" da sauransu. A tarihin na Moscow Metro tashoshin sunayen kai tsaye alaka da babban events na kasar mu da kuma sunayen tituna da kuma murabba'ai, a kan abin da akwai bayanai.

The style ado zaure da kuma dakunan na tashar gana da mafi canons na art. Ga kuma Stalin ta daular, da kuma Art Deco kuma Art Nouveau da Baroque da Classicism. Duk abin da aka yi a grand sikelin, masu arziki da tsada sosai.

Amma ga abu aiyuka a gare ado, shi ne wani daban-daban irin marmara, dutse, Semi-m Ural duwatsu masu daraja, karfe, tagulla, tagulla, da gilashin smaltovoe.

Kowane tashar ne ya cancanci raba tafiye-tafiye, don ciki da kuma yanayin al'amuran daga cikin tarihin kasar mu.

Bugu da kari ga dadi kayan ado, duk wuraren suna sanye take da nagartaccen iska tsarin, magudanun ruwa da kuma wutar lantarki.

"Mayakovskaya" tashar

Wannan tashar ne daya daga cikin mafi kyau a duniya. A 1939, ta samu cikin Grand Prix a New York "World of Gobe" Duniya ta Fair. Rage kwafin na tashar da aka nuna a cikin Pavilion sadaukar da Tarayyar Soviet. A tashar located kasa Arc yanki a zurfin 33 mita. Its biyar-mita vaults karfe support shafi saka a kan rabin mita katako aza a kan kankare slab. Ginshikan rike trohsektsionny nave ta wajen wani hadadden tsarin da ƙarfe struts-mike.

A rufi ne hasken m fitilu - kewayen kewaye da kowane Dome da ake gyarawa zuwa 16 maras motsi, wanda a nan gaba kama da na marmari chandeliers.

Don tsara aiki tashar amfani tef goge corrugated bakin karfe mosaics na glazes da scenes a kan jigo "Day Land na Soviets," da artist Deineka. Tsakanin bangarori da kuma karfe faranti - bangarori daga Ural semiprecious dutse mai daraja, rhodonite.

Paul tashar ne ma sananne ga ta delicacy. Tare da gefuna da dandali an yi shi da launin toka dutse, wanda ya jaddada da ado na daban-daban na marmara - salieti ja, yellow Gazgan, zaitun Sadakhlo da Ufaleya kawo daga yankuna daban-daban na Tarayyar Soviet.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu karkashin rufin tashar da shi, ya shirya da bam tsari, da kuma Muscovites saukar da can a lokacin da dakarun. Station iya lokaci guda saukar da har zuwa 50 000 mutane. Yana kuma housed hedkwatar kuma tawagar tsaron gida.

Iska shuka tsarin da aka tsara don haka da cewa a kowane lokaci na shekara da kuma a cikin wani cikar iska ya kasance sabo a cikin shi.

"Novoslobodskaya"

Nan da nan bayan bude tashar, kamar yadda ya faru a shekara ta 1952, admiring Muscovites kira "Novoslobodskaya" "Karkashin kasa hikaya" da "Stone Flower". Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, tun da ciki aka sanya a hereditary iconographer, fenta Pavlom Korinym. Aikinsa ne bambanta da zurfin ruhi da kuma melodious taushi - don haka ya yi magana game da style of sarki Alexy.

Da basira da hasken akwai gilashi 32 akwai gilashi labarun dama shuke-shuke. Pylons, inda suke located, an kẽwayesu da gilded tagulla, da karfe. A cikin zagaye kananan medallions a cikin wannan art yi taurari da kuma mutane daban-daban fasahohin.

A kan bango na babban zauren, a karshen - a manyan panel "World Peace." A da shi - uwa rike da wata baby. Babu shakka cewa labarin da aka yi wahayi zuwa da icon-zanen hotuna na Virgin. Sama da shugaban na mace shimfiɗa fikafikansa a tattabarai. Tun da farko a wurin wani hoto na Stalin, amma a zamanin da Khrushchev a cikin wani yakin raunana hali daba shugaban ta fuskar da aka cire kuma tsuntsaye bayyana a wurinsa.

"Juyin juya halin Square"

Metro tashar "juyin juya halin Square", kamar yadda biyu aka bayyana a sama, shi ne halittar m Aleksei Nikolaevich Dushkin.

80 tagulla sculptures cewa ƙawata tashar dakunan, aka jefa a cikin bitar da Matveya Genrihovicha Manizera. Kowane sassaka yayi dace a milestone a cikin tarihi na Tarayyar Soviet. Taba su ne dauke mai kyau Shu'umcinku kuma ya yi alkawarin cika sha'awa. Mafi mashahuri a cikin m mutane sanya a fili a bayyane a cikin kowane adadi - suka haskaka musamman mai haske. Shirya kai ga kowane hali ne talakawa mutane, amma a nan gaba a cikin rabo na kowane daga cikinsu da aka alama ta musamman taron.

Alal misali, ga wani adadi ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa signalman irin aiki a matsayin wani midshipman Olympia Rudakov. Daga baya ya faru da zama a bikin na sa kambi na Elizabeth 2 da rawa tare da ita Waltz.

Alexey Nikitenko - Figure ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa juyin juya halin Musulunci wani dalibi da aka zaba. Bayan 'yan shekaru da hannu a cikin yaki tare da kasar Japan, ya aka bayar da zinariya star na Hero na Tarayyar Soviet.

A 1941, da sassaka da aka kwashe zuwa Asiya ta tsakiya. Bayan ya dawo, suka partially hallaka. Duk da haka, nan da nan suka restorers koma asali bayyanar.

A ƙarshe ina son don amsa ga wani ba labarin a farkon na tambaya, "Mene ne na gaskiya labarin jirgin karkashin kasa?"

Moscow da gaske ne wani karami kwafin na dukan na Rasha, da kuma nuna rai na kowane yankin. A tarihin na babban gini a fili ya nuna cewa mu, da Rasha, mutane suna iya yin aiki ba tare sunã rãyar da kansa, da kuma da gaske son su mahaifarsa da bala'i da kuma wahala, wanda wani lokacin da dama zuwa mu yawa, muka matsa da ƙarfin hali da kuma qarfin hali, ba rasa bangaskiya, da bege da kuma halartowar zuciya.