A jijiya cibiyar: da kaddarorin da kuma iri

A juyayi tsarin taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da mutunci da kwayoyin, kazalika da ta tsari. Wadannan matakai ake, ɗaukar ilimin Halittar Jiki da kuma physiological hadaddun, ciki har da CNS (tsakiya m tsarin). Ya na da sunan - jijiya cibiyar. Properties cewa shi ne halin da: occlusion, tsakiyar taimako, da canji kudi. Su kuma 'yan wasu za a bincika a cikin wannan labarin.

A ra'ayi na jijiya cibiyar da kuma da kaddarorin

A baya can, mun gano da babban aiki na juyayi tsarin - hadawa. Yana yiwuwa saboda tsarin da kwakwalwa da kuma laka. Alal misali, na numfashi jijiya cibiyar na wanda Properties - innervation numfashi (inspiratory da expiratory). An located in na huɗu ventricle, a cikin reticular samuwar (medulla oblongata). Kamar yadda bincike da N. A. Mislavskogo, shi kunshi symmetrically sanya sassa da alhakin inhalation da exhalation.

A cikin manya sashi daga cikin pons pnevmotaksichesky aka raba, wanda shirya aforesaid sassa da kuma Tsarin daga cikin kwakwalwa alhakin numfashi ƙungiyoyi. Saboda haka, janar kaddarorin da jijiya cibiyoyin samar da tsari na physiological ayyuka na jiki: zuciya da jijiyoyin jini aiki, tukar tumbi, numfasawa da narkewa.

A ka'idar tsauri sarrafawa na ayyuka I. P. Pavlova

Bisa ga ra'ayi na masanin kimiyya, wajen sauki da reflex ayyuka ne a cikin bawo, kuma a cikin laka tsit zone. Complex tafiyar matakai kamar memory, harshe, tunani, hade da wasu yankunan na kwakwalwa da kuma ne sakamakon integrative ayyuka na da yawa daga cikin yankunan. A physiological kaddarorin da jijiya cibiyoyin da kuma haifar da samuwar na asali matakai na mafi girma m aiki. A neuroscience, daga wani daga ilimin Halittar Jiki ra'ayi, sassa na tsakiya m tsarin, wanda ya kunshi sassa na afferent da efferent neurons cewa zama da aka sani da jijiya cibiyoyin. Su suna dauke da wani Rasha masanin kimiyya P. K. Anohin samar da aikin tsarin (jam'iyya neurons cewa yin irin wannan ayyuka da kuma wanda za a iya samu a sassa daban-daban na tsakiya m tsarin).

sakawa a iska mai guba zumudi

Ci gaba da karatu na asali Properties na jijiya cibiyoyin a cikin irin tasha yada biyu manyan matakai da faruwa a cikin jijiya nama - da zumudi da hanawa. Shi ne ake kira sakawa a iska mai guba. Idan da ƙarfin da kara kuzari da kuma lokaci na tushe manyan jijiyar diverge neurocytes-zangarniya, kazalika da neurons. Sun hada da afferent da efferent neurocytes, haddasa gaba da reflex arcs.

La'akari da hanawa (as jijiya cibiyoyin dukiya) a cikin mafi daki-daki. Reticular samuwar na kwakwalwa na samar da duka biyu sakawa a iska mai guba da sauran kaddarorin da jijiya cibiyoyin. Physiology bayyana dalilan ƙuntata ko hana yaduwar zumudi. Alal misali, a gaban mai hanawa synapses da neurocytes. Wadannan Tsarin da muhimmanci m ayyuka, sa'an nan rage hadarin overdriving na kwarangwal tsoka m don motsawa a spasmodic yanayin.

Bayan la'akari da zumudi sakawa a iska mai guba, shi wajibi ne don tunawa da wadannan siffa daga cikin jijiya turu. Yana motsa kawai ta centripetal zuwa centrifugal neuron (ga dvuhneyronnoy, reflex baka). Idan reflex ne mafi hadaddun, kwakwalwa ko laka interneurons aka kafa - intercalary jijiya Kwayoyin. Sun riƙi da tashin hankali na afferent neurocyte sa'an nan aika da shi zuwa ga mota jijiya Kwayoyin. A synapses bioelectric unidirectional hatsaisai kamar yadda suka matsawa daga farko presynaptic membrane na wani jijiya cell, nana a cikin synaptic kogon, kuma daga gare ta - a cikin postsynaptic membrane na wani neurocyte.

Summation na jijiyar

Muna ci gaba da karatu da kaddarorin na jijiya cibiyoyin. Physiology na babban kwakwalwa da kuma laka, kasancewa mafi muhimmanci da hadaddun reshe na magani, da yin nazarin aiwatar da zumudi ta tarin neurons cewa yin kowa ayyuka. Dũkiyõyinsu - summation iya zama na boko ko na sarari. A lokuta biyu, da rauni jijiyar lalacewa ta hanyar karbar samuwar kasashe suna kara (summed). Wannan take kaiwa ga m saki na kwayoyin na acetylcholine ko wani neurotransmitter, wanda ya haifar da da mataki m , a neurocytes.

canji kudi

Wannan kalma tana nufin canji a cikin zumudi mita, wanda ya wuce ta gidaje CNS neurons. Daga cikin matakai cewa faye hali Properties na jijiya cibiyoyin - canji kudi hatsaisai wanda zai iya faruwa saboda da rarraba zumudi ga dama neurons dogon matakai wanda ya samar da lamba sarari a kan daya jijiya cell (canji improver). Idan akwai guda neuron a mataki m a sakamakon summation na zumudi postsynaptic m - magana game da ragewan da canji kudi.

Bambanta rarrabuwar da kuma haduwa zumudi

Su ne m matakai cewa faye hali da kaddarorin na jijiya cibiyoyin. Coordination reflex aiki ne saboda gaskiyar cewa neuron lokaci guda na'am da hatsaisai daga daban-daban analyzers rabe: na gani, olfactory da kuma fata-tsoka ji na ƙwarai. A jijiya Kwayoyin, suna bincikar da kuma takaita a cikin bioelectric iko. Wadanda, bi da bi, canja shi zuwa wasu sassa na kwakwalwa reticular samuwar. Wannan muhimmanci tsari shine ake kira haduwa.

Duk da haka, kowane neuron sami hasken dake fitowa ba kawai daga sauran Kwayoyin, amma kuma siffofin synapses tare da makwabta neurocytes. Wannan sabon abu na bambanta rarrabuwar. Dukansu Properties samar da baza zumudi a CNS. Saboda haka, totality daga cikin jijiya daga cikin kwakwalwa da kuma laka Kwayoyin cewa yin kowa ayyuka - ne jijiya cibiyar, da kaddarorin wanda muke son saye. Yana bayar da tsari na duk gabobin da kuma tsarin na jikin mutum.

bango aiki

Physiological Properties na jijiya cibiyoyin, daya daga wanda yake da alaka maras wata-wata, Ina nufin samuwar wani bango lantarki hatsaisai neurons, misali, da numfashi ko narkewa kamar cibiyar, saboda da peculiarities na tsarin kanta na juyayi nama. Yana da yake iya kai-ƙarni na bioelectric matakai na zumudi ko in babu isasshen samuwar kasashe. Shi ne saboda bambanta rarrabuwar da kuma haduwa da zumudi, dauke a baya, neurocytes sami hasken dake fitowa daga jijiya cibiyoyin da m postsynaptic Relations guda reticular samuwar kwakwalwa.

Kwatsam aiki za a iya lalacewa ta hanyar acetylcholine microdoses shigar da neuron daga synaptic kogon. Haduwa, bambanta rarrabuwar, da bango aiki, da kuma sauran kaddarorin da jijiya cibiyar da su halaye dogara kai tsaye a kan metabolism matakin a neurocytes kuma a glia.

Nau'in summation zumudi

Aka mai da su a cikin ayyukan I. M. Sechenova, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa reflex iya haifar da dama rauni (na karbar) samuwar kasashe, wanda sau da yawa isasshen ne a jijiya cibiyar. Da kaddarorin ta Kwayoyin, wato tsakiyar taimako da kuma occlusion, kuma za a yi la'akari da mu kara.

Tare da lokaci daya ruri na centripetal matakai da martani ne mafi girma daga cikin ilmin lissafi Naira Miliyan Xari da samuwar kasashe da karfi aiki a kan kowanne daga cikin wadannan zaruruwa. Wannan dukiyar da aka sani a matsayin tsakiyar taimako. Idan mataki pessimal irritants, ko da kuwa da ƙarfi kuma mita, sa wani karu a mayar da martani - shi ne occlusion. Shi ne da kishiya na summation na zumudi dukiya da kuma rage ƙarfin jijiyar. Saboda haka, da kaddarorin jijiya cibiyoyin - tsakiya taimako occlusion - dogara ne a kan tsarin da synaptic na'ura hada da wani dokin (tsakiyar) zone da subthreshold (gefe) baki.

Gajiya da juyayi nama na ta rawa

A Physiology na juyayi cibiyoyin, da definition, iri da kaddarorin riga karatu a baya da kuma gidaje muhimmi a neurons zai zama bai cika ba idan ba mu yi la'akari da wannan a matsayin da gajiya. Jijiya cibiyoyin tilasta su ratsa kanta da ci gaba da jerin hatsaisai, samar da reflex Properties na cikin juyayi tsakiyar tsarin. A sakamakon zafin tafiyar matakai na rayuwa da za'ayi a jikin neuron da glia a, akwai wani jari na mai guba na rayuwa tõzarta. Tabarbarewar jinin samar da jijiya gidaje ma sa wani karu a su aiki saboda rashi na oxygen da kuma glucose. Ya taimako ga ci gaban gajiya suna yin jijiya cibiyoyin kuma sanya cell Lambobin - synapses cewa hanzari rage saki neurotransmitters a synaptic kogon.

Farawa daga cikin jijiya cibiyoyin

Gidaje neurocytes armashi a tsakiya m tsarin, kuma yana da bunkasa rawa a cikin aiki da kwayoyin, sha daga ilimin Halittar Jiki da kuma physiological canje-canje. Suna bayyana ta da kara wuya daga cikin physiological da m ayyuka da cewa faruwa a lokacin rayuwar mutum. A mafi muhimmanci canje-canje da shafi cikin shekaru halaye na da kaddarorin na juyayi cibiyoyin, mu gani a cikin ci gaban irin wannan muhimmanci matakai kamar tafiya da kafa biyu, magana da kuma tunani cewa bambanta Homo sapiens daga sauran 'yan aji na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Alal misali, magana samuwar auku a farkon shekara uku na rayuwa. Da yake ina da hadaddun conglomerate na sharadi reflexes, shi ne kafa a kan tushen da samuwar kasashe gane proprioceptors tsokoki na harshe, lebe da kuma vocal igiyoyinsu da maƙogwaro da numfashi tsokoki. By karshen shekara ta uku ta yaro ta rayuwa da suka dukkan zo tare a cikin wani aikin tsarin, wanda ya hada da ɓawon burodi na ƙasar nan kwance a gindin na baya frontal gyrus. An kira Broca ta yanki.

A cikin samuwar na jawabin aiki ne da hannu da kuma yankin na m boko gyrus (Wernicke ta tsakiya). A tashin hankali daga jijiya endings na jawabin na'ura shiga cikin mota, na gani da auditory cibiyoyin na cerebral bawo, inda shi kafa magana cibiyoyin.