Inorganic sunadarai - menene wannan? Inorganic sunadarai a cikin makaranta manhaja

Chemistry shakka a makarantu farawa a cikin 8th sa ya yi nazarin janar ka'idojin kimiyya: bayyana yiwu iri shaidu tsakanin kwayoyin halitta, iri crystal lattices da ya fi na kowa dauki sunadaran. Wannan zama kafuwar ga nazari na da muhimmanci, amma mafi takamaiman sashe - inorganics.

Menene wannan

Inorganic sunadarai - da kimiyya da cewa ya wadãtu da ka'idojin tsarin, asali dũkiyarsu da kuma reactivity na lokaci-lokaci tebur na abubuwa. An muhimmiyar rawa aka buga a inorganics lokaci-lokaci Law, wanda regulates din rarrabuwa na abubuwa su canza nauyi, yawan da kuma irin.

A hanya, ta yalwaci mahadi kafa ta maida martani tebur abubuwa (da kawai togiya ne yankin na hydrocarbons, dauke a cikin kwayoyin surori). Ayyuka a inorganic sunadarai ba da damar cika da msar tambayar ilmi a yi.

Kimiyya a tarihi hangen zaman gaba

Sunan "da inorganic" ya bayyana a cikin daidai da ra'ayin cewa da ya rufe wani bangare na sinadaran ilimi, wanda ba a da alaka da ayyukan nazarin halittu kwayoyin.

A tsawon lokaci, an tabbatar da cewa mafi yawan kwayoyin duniya zai iya samar da kuma "maras rai" na wani fili, da kuma wani irin hydrocarbons hada a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Saboda haka, ammonium cyanate, wanda gishiri sunadarai abubuwa Wohler Bajamushe masanin kimiyya iya haduwa urea.

Don kauce wa rikice da nomenclature da rarrabuwa na iri daban-daban na gudanar da bincike da biyu sciences shirin na makaranta da kuma jami'a Darussan ya kasance gare janar sunadarai ya shafi nazarin inorganic a matsayin muhimman hakkokin da'a. A duniyar kimiyya da aka ajiye analogous jerin.

Classes inorganics

Sunadarai irin wannan abinci na samar da wani abu a cikin wanda gabatarwa surori inorganically la'akari da lokaci-lokaci dokar abubuwa. Wannan rarrabuwa ne na musamman irin, wanda dogara ne a kan zato cewa atomic nukiliya zargin su da wani tasiri a kan kaddarorin abubuwa da kuma bayanan zabin bambanta cyclically. Da farko tebur gina a matsayin tunani na ya fi girma atomic taro abubuwa, amma nan da nan a ba da jerin da aka ƙi saboda ta gaza a cikin al'amari a wadda bukatar shawara a kan wannan al'amari, inorganic al'amarin.

Chemistry, ban da lokaci-lokaci tebur, da shawara gaban game da mutum ɗari da siffofi, gungu da jadawalai nuna mita Properties.

A halin yanzu rare karfafa version na da la'akari da irin matsalolin a matsayin azuzuwan na inorganic sunadarai. A ginshikan tebur abubuwa suna kayyade dangane da physico-sinadaran Properties, a Lines - kama da juna lokaci.

Simple abubuwa a inorganics

The ãyã a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur da wani sauki abu a wani free jihar - sau da yawa biyu daban-daban abubuwa. A cikin farko idan ya nuna kawai takamaiman irin kwayoyin halitta, a karo na biyu - da irin na fili barbashi da kuma juna tasiri a barga siffofin.

Chemical bonding a cikin sauki abubuwa sa su, su raba tsakanin iyali. Saboda haka, biyu m kungiyoyin jinsuna na kwayoyin halitta za a iya bambanta - karafa da kuma wadanda ba karafa. A farko iyali ya hada da 96 mambobin daga 118 karatu.

karafa

Metal irin presupposes hada tsakanin barbashi na wannan sunan. Hulda dangane socialization raga electrons, halin omnidirectional kuma unsaturated. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa karafa ne mai kyau conductors zafi, cajin, da wani ƙarfe luster, malleability da ductility.

Conventionally, karafa an bar a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur a lokacin madaidaiciya line daga boron zuwa astatine. Abubuwa waxanda suke da kama a wuri zuwa wannan line, sau da yawa iyaka yanayi da nuna wani biyuntakar na Properties (msl, germanium).

Metals mafi asali form fili. A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga irin wannan abubuwa yawanci ba ya wuce biyu. Karkashin metallicity ƙaruwa da tayi a cikin lokaci. Alal misali, rediyoaktif francium farfado da wani asali dukiya fiye da sodium da kuma mai halogen iyali sun aidin ko da bayyana ƙarfe luster.

A halin da ake ciki ne daban-daban a tsawon - kammala sublevels inert gas, kafin wanda suke abubuwa tare da m Properties. A kwance sarari na lokaci-lokaci tebur na abubuwa nuna reactivity canje-canje daga asali zuwa acidic amphoteric ta. Metals - kyau rage jamiái (yarda electrons a cikin samuwar shaidu).

Non-karafa

Wannan irin kwayoyin halitta sun hada da manyan azuzuwan na inorganic sunadarai. Non-karafa zauna dama-hannu gefe na lokaci-lokaci tebur, yawanci exhibiting acidic Properties. A mafi yawan samu data abubuwa a cikin nau'i na mahadi da juna (msl, borates, sulfates, ruwa). A free kwayoyin jihar shi ne da aka sani da wanzuwar sulfur, oxygen da kuma nitrogen. Akwai ma da dama da ba-karafa diatomic gas - baya daga biyu da aka ambata a sama, wadannan sun hada da hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, chloro da iodo.

Ne mafi yawan abubuwa a kan duniya - musamman na kowa silicon, hydrogen, oxygen da kuma carbon. Aidin, selenium da arsenic rarraba sosai kananan (a nan shi ne mai yiwuwa a hada rediyoaktif da m jeri, wanda aka located in na karshe lokacin da tebur).

A mahadi nonmetals nuna hali yawanci kamar yadda acid. Shin iko oxidants saboda da yiwuwar shiga na ƙarin electrons don kammala matakin.

Complex abubuwa a inorganics

Bugu da kari na abubuwa da ake wakilta daya kungiyar na atoms rarrabe mahadi hada da dama daban-daban jeri. Irin wannan abubuwa iya zama binary (kunsha na biyu daban-daban barbashi), uku-, hudu-kashi da sauransu.

Biyu-kashi abubuwa

Na musamman muhimmancin dangane binarity kwayoyin a haɗe sunadarai. Classes na inorganic mahadi aka kuma dauke ta fuskar connection kafa tsakanin kwayoyin halitta. Yana iya zama ionic, ƙarfe, covalent (iyakacin duniya, ko nonpolar) ko gauraye. Yawanci irin wannan jamiái fili nuna asali (for karfe stock), amphoteric (dual - gaskiya musamman ga aluminum) ko acidic (idan akwai wani kashi a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka Jihar +4 ko sama da) quality.

Uku kashi shirkinku

Jigogi samar da inorganic Chemistry shawara da kuma irin wannan jam'iyya kwayoyin halitta. A mahadi kunshi fiye da biyu kungiyoyin na kwayoyin halitta (yawanci inorganic da yawa tare da uku-yanki iri) suna yawanci kafa tare da sa hannu na gyara cewa bambanta muhimmanci daga juna a physicochemical sigogi.

Matsaloli iri sadarwa - covalent, ionic da kuma gauraye. Yawanci, uku-kashi abu na hali kama binary saboda gaskiyar cewa daya daga interatomic sojojin yawa karfi wani: dan kadan generated secondarily kuma tana da damar dissociate a cikin bayani da sauri.

Classes na inorganic Chemistry

Mafiya yawa karatu a cikin shakka inorganic abubuwa za a iya daukan ga wani sauki rarrabuwa bisa ga abun da ke ciki da kuma dukiyoyinsu. Saboda haka, rarrabe hydroxides, acid, oxides da salts. Shawara na da dangantaka ne mafi alhẽri a fara da wani gabatarwar manufar oxidised siffofin, wanda zai iya zama kusan duk wani inorganic abubuwa. A sunadarai na wannan shirkinku tattauna a cikin surori a kan oxides.

oxides

Oxide ne a fili na wani sinadari da oxygen a wani hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar daidaita -2 (as peroxides -1 bi da bi). Bond samuwar auku saboda electron tasiri da kuma rage gare ta da Ya ₂ (inda mafi electronegative kashi ne oxygen).

Kuma zai iya zama acidic, kuma amphoteric, da kuma asali Properties dangane da biyu rukuni na kwayoyin halitta. Idan wannan ƙarfe a cikin oxide ba ya wuce +2 hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar, idan wani maras karfe - daga 4 da kuma sama. The samfurori da sigogi na dual yanayi cimma darajar 3.

acid inorganics

Acidic mahadi na dauki matsakaici ne kasa da 7 da hydrogen abun ciki na cations wanda zai iya shiga cikin bayani kuma baya maye gurbinsu da wani karfe ion. Bisa ga rarrabuwa ne hadaddun abubuwa. Mafi yawa daga cikin acid za a iya shirya ta diluting da ruwa da m oxides, msl, a cikin samuwar sulfuric acid bayan da hydration na SO _3.

Basic inorganic Chemistry

The kaddarorin da mahadi daga irin wannan saboda gaban hydroxyl m OH, wanda damar da dauki yanayi sama 7. The Alkali mai narkewa sansanonin ake kira, su ne mafi m, a cikin wannan aji na abubuwa a kan asusun da cikakken dissociation (bazuwar cikin ions a cikin ruwa). OH kungiyar a cikin samuwar salts za a iya maye gurbinsu da acidic sharan.

Inorganic sunadarai - wani dual kimiyya da cewa za a iya bayyana al'amarin daga wani daban-daban hangen zaman gaba. A ka'idar tushe protolytic dauke a matsayin hydrogen acceptors cation. Wannan dabarar kara manufar wannan aji na abubuwa, Alkali kiran wani abu da zai iya yarda da wani proton.

salts

Wannan irin mahadi da aka samu tsakanin sansanonin da kuma acid, kamar yadda wani samfurin na hulda. Saboda haka, a matsayin cation yawanci hidima a karfe ion (wani lokacin ammonium, phosphonium ko hydronium), kazalika da anionic abubuwa - acid saura. Lokacin da gishiri samuwar aka maye gurbinsu da hydrogen da wani abu.

Dangane da rabo daga reagents da ƙarfi game da juna da nagarta sosai bi da dama iri dauki kayayyakin:

• asali salts ake samu idan hydroxyl kungiyoyin ba gaba ɗaya sauya (irin abubuwa ne alkaline dauki matsakaici).
• da acid gishiri kafa a gaban harka - tare da rashin amsawa hydrogen m tushe zauna a cikin connection.
• mafi sani da kuma sauki fahimta ne Averages (ko al'ada) samfurin - su ne samfurin na cikakken neutralization reagents ta samar da ruwa da kuma wani abu da kawai wani karfe cation ko wani analogue gare su, kuma wani acid moiety.

Inorganic sunadarai - da kimiyya da ya shafi rarraba kowane aji guntu-guntu, wanda suna dauke a daban-daban sau: daya - da wasu - daga baya. A zurfin nazari rarrabe ko 4 iri salts:

• Dual dauke da guda anion a gaban biyu cations. Yawanci irin kayan da suke da sakamakon tattara abubuwa masu kyau biyu salts da wannan acid saura, amma daban-daban karafa.
• Mixed gaban na baya daya: shi ne tushen daya cation tare da biyu daban-daban anions.
• Crystalline hydrates - gishiri, in da dabara na wanda shi ne ruwa a cikin crystalline jihar.
• Gidaje - da abubuwa a cikin abin da cation, anion ko dukansu biyu suna wakilta a cikin nau'i na gungu da janareta. Irin wannan salts za a iya shirya advantageously daga abubuwa na subgroup B.

Kamar yadda wasu abubuwa a wani taron a kan inorganic Chemistry, wanda za a iya classified a matsayin salts ko matsayin mutum surori ilimi za a iya ambata hydrides, nitrides, carbides da intermetallic mahadi (mahadi da dama karafa, wadanda ba gami).

sakamakon

Inorganic sunadarai - da kimiyya da cewa shi ne ban sha'awa ga kowane gwani a cikin wannan fanni, ko da maslahar su. Yana hada da babin farko, yi karatu a makaranta a kan batun. Course na inorganic Chemistry samar da amfaninsa a babban kundin bayanai daidai da hujjõji, kuma da sauki rarrabuwa.