Yadda girma truffles: fasaha, da jagororin

Yi kayayyakin abinci - wani aiki da sakamakon da suke ko da yaushe a bukatar. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda wa damar da wani dadi da na halitta abinci mutane ne son biya lokaci.

Wadanda suke son su bada kansu zuwa ga samar da kayayyakin gona ne wata ila don kula da wannan rare ga kasar mu, da ra'ayin wani aikin gona da harkokin kasuwanci, kamar yadda namo truffles. Yadda girma truffles a Rasha yanayi da kuma yadda m iya zama samar da wannan delicacy?

"Golden Naman kaza". Truffle - yana da tsada?

Babu daya daga cikin data kasance naman gwari ne ba son biya haka tsada a duniya, domin truffle: Farashin for 1 kg jeri daga $ 500 zuwa $ 5000.

Haka kuma, kasashen waje shi ne ba nadiri auctions, a cikin abin da truffles ne for sale, idan ta kasance wani aiki na gwaninta. Dangane da iri-iri, quality, nauyi da kuma sauran sigogi na farashin daya "zinariya naman kaza" iya isa indecently high dubu da dama Tarayyar Turai.

Hakika, na gida truffles da kadan damar zama jam'iyyun don irin cinikai. Kuma Farashin ne muhimmanci ƙananan fiye da naman gwari, wanda ya girma a irin wannan yanayi. Restaurants, da menu wanda ya hada da jita-jita daga "zinariya naman kaza" yarda saya girma a kan plantations truffle. Farashinsa ga 1 kg na samfurin ba tsõratarwa.

Abin da truffle bukatar

A gaskiya, da yawa jinsunan fungi. Amma ba kowa ne ya dace su ci. A dafa abinci, amfani kawai iri biyu. White, kuma aka sani da Piedmont - mafi rare da kuma muhimmanci. Ya ke tsiro da yafi a Italiya, da kuma musamman a yankin na Piedmont, ya ba da sunan ga hankali. A naman gwari yana da wani m, m ƙanshi da kuma xanxano. Abin baƙin ciki, wadannan truffles girma a cikin gida ne ba zai yiwu.

Wani view - black, ko, kamar yadda shi ne ake kira, Perigord truffle. A haifuwa daga cikin naman gwari - da eponymous Faransa yankin. Saboda gaskiya cewa baki truffle ba kamar yadda capricious kamar fari, da kuma lends kanta ga namo a wani plantation, Perigord truffle tsiro a da yawa kasashen Turai, kazalika da a Rasha da kuma Ukraine.

Bayan wadannan biyu, akwai sauran edible jinsunan. Alal misali, kasar Sin ko rani. Amma ga mafi plantations na baki kara. Saboda haka, a lokacin da magana game da yadda za girma truffles, yawanci suna da a cikin zuciya ne irin Perigord.

Truffle girma a Rasha. Yanayi na samun wani amfanin gona

Da dama ƙarni na kallo da kuma tarin truffles yarda ka samu wani dabara dole yanayi na cin nasara girma na truffle plantations. A fasaha na girma truffles - m rikitarwa, m, da kuma, mafi muhimmanci, tsawon lokaci da tsari. Don samun farko girbi zai dauki akalla 5 shekaru na hankali kula da gona da kansu. Me kana bukatar ka sani game da yadda za girma truffles? A farko wuri, to whimsical delicacy kama a kuma fara girma, na bukatar:

• dace da sauyin yanayi da kuma saukowa yanki.
• tati (ƙasa).
• mycorrhiza.

Yanayin da taimako halaye

A temperate dumi sauyin yanayi da kuma a barga low matakin na hazo - babban yanayin da bukatun truffle. M naman gwari ba zai iya jure kowane matsananci zafi ko sanyi shafe tsawon weather.

Inda kuma yadda za a noma truffles a kasar mu? Domin samar da kyau-dace tsakiyar Rasha - rana da kuma ba ma zafi lokacin bazaar, ruwan bazara da dumi kaka delicacy ga dagawa daga cikin ci gaban da naman gwari.

Idan haya na ƙasar da aka ba su shirya, yana yiwuwa su yi girma truffles a basements. A cikin wannan yanki dole ne isasshe fili, tare da tsakaita danshi da kuma a barga zafin jiki na game da 22 digiri.

Ƙasa ga truffle farm

Domin gona, a cikinsa zuwa ga girma truffles, ya bukaci da babu kasa high. Bukatar for dakin gwaje-gwaje da bincike na jikewa na kasar gona gina jiki, nitrogen, carbon, lemun tsami, alli. Har ila yau, kasar gona surface kada ta kasance mai saukin kamuwa zuwa ruwa yashewa, kuma a wani kwana na ba fiye da 15 digiri. Height topsoil bukata ba kasa da 30 cm.

Kafin dasa dole bari da acid-alkaline balance, wanda shi ne a ƙasa domin truffles. Wannan za a iya yi a cikin biyu sauki gwaje-gwaje. A kadan ƙasa dauka a site zargin plantation, kana bukatar ka ƙara a wani akwati tare da farin vinegar. Idan dauki - mai taushi yi fito na bayani, shi ne ma babban acidity. Wani gwajin ne da za'ayi ta hanyar litmus takarda, ka dai yi kũtsa a cikin ƙasa. A takarda kamata juya blue. Babu irin wannan dauki ma kasa Alkali. A wannan kuma a cikin sauran hali rabo alkaline matakin da za a karu sannu a hankali ta ƙara lemun tsami.

Mycorrhiza da kuma dasa na seedlings

tushen symbiosis itace-abokin tarayya, kuma truffle ake kira "mycorrhiza". A naman gwari ke tsiro a karkashin kasa a kan itacen da saiwoyinsa Bunch na truffles 5-7. Itace amfanin jiki ta "makwabta" tare da dukan zama dole domin ci gaban: carbohydrates, amino acid, bitamin, da kuma sauran sa na abubuwa da shafi iyawa Properties daga cikin naman gwari. Amma da truffle ba m - wani symbiosis taimaka itacen tare da cikakken ma'adanai da phosphorus.

Dasa mycelial naman gwari iri kaya, yana daukan wuri a dama, saukarwa.

Yana da muhimmanci a san cewa a bude ƙasa dasa seedlings da mycorrhizal naman gwari. Gama seedlings kamu mycelium truffle, ka iya kawai saya. Kuma domin ya haifar da wani kai-mycorrhiza, seedlings bukatar abokan itatuwa da ƙasa da na halitta mazauninsu na truffles, kamu mycelium. Rhizome infecting mycelium truffle seedling akalla makonni biyu dole ne a kiyaye cikakken bakararre yanayi. Shi ne kawai bayan da rigakafi seedling za a iya dasa a bude ƙasa. Ga yadda ake yi:

• A game da 70 cm zurfi rijiyoyin shirya zuba a kananan adadin ruwa, sa'an nan kuma dasa itacen mycorrhizal kuma an rufe shi da duniya.
• Ake bukata don ƙirƙirar wani m Layer a kusa da rijiyoyin cikin 40 cm. Wannan na iya zama wani Layer na film lambu, gandun daji foliage da kuma rassan, rauno.
• Muhimmi: unacceptable don dasa itatuwa ma kusa da juna. A mafi kyau duka saukowa - 5 4 m ne kamar haka 1 hekta ba za su sami fiye da 500 mycorrhizal shuke-shuke.
• Kafin dasa, ba lallai ba ne su yi amfani da wani ƙarin taki, don haka kamar yadda ba ya cutar da mycelium.

Bayan dasa cikin seedling mycorrhiza to ƙarfafa, ka bukatar wani dukan shekara. Bayan haka, truffle ne tam da kuma har abada kwanta a tushen.

Bugu da ari kula ne irin: shi ake bukata don cire weeds a kusa da saukowa, kada su manta da sassauta bazara da kuma a kai a kai shayar da bishiyoyi drip Hanyar. Fasa cewa iya sun kafa a cikin ƙasa, tabbata a cika tare da yashi.

A dukan lokacin nan na girma na seedlings ya kamata a kiyaye shi daga hakori, zomaye da kuma kwari. Bugu da kari, a cikin site, tare da itatuwa, masõya, na iya zama wata shuka, kusa da girma cranky delicacy iya ba. Wadannan itatuwa bukatar tsabtace.

Abin da itatuwa bukatar girma truffles

Manufa abokin for mycorrhiza ne itacen oak. Amma akwai iya zo da itatuwa kamar zaitun, Hazel, sequoia, Beech, hornbeam, ko kuma wani irin 'ya'yan Citrus.

Muhimmi: truffle tantama ba jure Willow, poplar, Pine, chestnut, fir! Wadannan itatuwa a cikin plantation kada ta kasance.

Yadda za a sami wani amfanin gona?

Horar da truffles nunarsa a gida daga farko, kuma har sai da marigayi kaka, da kuma yawan fungi cewa za a iya tattara a daya irin wannan lokaci - ta kiyasta - 10 ko 15 kg a kowace kadada.

Daga sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa na duniya truffle shi ne daban-daban a cewa shi ne bai isa shuka da kuma girma. Wannan naman gwari ne mafi bukatar duba for - amfanin gona da za a iya boye a zurfin game da 30 cm karkashin kasa. Better, ba shakka, a karon farko, jiran saya truffles musamman horar da dabba (kare ko alade) cewa zai iya sniff fitar da delicacy. Amma idan irin wannan mataimakin a cikin tattalin arzikin akwai, akwai 'yan alamu, a kan abin da za ka iya samun kadan iyali na truffles:

• Wari na cikakke truffles kadan iyali ko da yaushe janyo hankalin kwari. A saboda wannan dalili, a kan wurin da "lurk" namomin kaza, ko da yaushe weaves babban adadin midges.
• Grass girma a kan truffle, lokacin da maturation na naman gwari mutu kuma ta kafe.
• Land of truffles dan kadan tãyar da su.

Yadda za a adana da tattara namomin kaza

Lalle, mafi kyau samfurin - freshly yanka, da cewa shi ne, wanda ba a tattara fiye da wata rana da suka wuce. Duk da haka, idan aiwatar da truffle jita-jita, ko dafa wadannan delicacies iya zama kadan daga baya, don adana duk dandano da sinadirai masu Properties daga cikin naman gwari wadannan ajiya dokoki dole ne a bi:

• Koyaushe adana truffles ba tare da peeling kashe ƙasa, domin shi ne kamar halitta ganga, ajiye yanke-kashe naman gwari daga tareda žata mataki na kananan kwayoyin halitta da kuma asarar da na halitta m dandano;
• sanyi da zazzabi ajiya (firiji).
• Professional chefs bayar da shawarar wannan hanya na tsare halitta danshi truffle: ruwan kasa a nade a cikin naman kaza greaseproof takarda da wuri a cikin wani akwati tare da bushe shinkafa.

Saboda haka, to fahimci mafi game da yadda za girma namomin kaza truffles, da kuma abin da su ne yanayi na wannan bukatar don ƙirƙirar, za mu iya cewa su samar da tsari ne mai wuce yarda tsawo da kuma m. Duk da haka, plantations wannan delicacy ne ba kawai kowa a kasashen Turai, amma sannu a hankali samun lokacinta a Rasha. A dalilin mai sauki ne: kasuwanci ne m, ko da abin. Truffle, da zarar dasa, fruiting ne sosai tsawo, har zuwa shekaru 30. Kuma ba da farashin da kuma high bukatar, shi ana sa ran cewa duk da zuba jari za su biya kashe a farkon shekaru na girbi mai kyau.