Wilhelm Richard Wagner: A Biography. Richard Wagner da ya shahara ayyukan

Wilhelm Richard Wagner - Jamus mawaki da kuma sharhi na drama, wasan kwaikwayo darektan, shugaba, polemicist, wanda ya zama sananne ga operas, wanda sun yi wani sauyi tasiri a kan Western music. Daga manyan ayyuka - "The Flying Dutchman" (1843), "Tannhauser" (1845), "Lohengrin" (1850), "Tristan da Isolde" (1865), "Parsifal" (1882 .) da kuma tetralogy "Der Zobe des Nibelungen" (1869-1876 gg.).

Richard Wagner: a takaice biography da kerawa

Wagner aka haife kan May 22, 1813, a Leipzig, a wani suna fadin iyali. Mahaifinsa mutu nan da nan bayan da ɗansa ta haihuwa, da kuma a cikin shekara mahaifiyarsa aure Lyudviga Geyera. Shi ba a san ko na karshe cikin ɓata actor, da ainihin mahaifin yaron. Wagner music ilimi ya bazuwar, har ya kasance na 18, lokacin da ya shafe a shekara a Theodore Vaynliga a Leipzig. Ya fara aiki a 1833 a matsayin choral shugaba a Würzburg da ya rubuta farkon ayyukansu, sanya a kwaikwayo na Jamus romantic qagaggun. A wannan lokacin, da babban gunki ya Beethoven.

Wagner ya rubuta na farko wasar kwaikwayo ta waka "fairies" a 1833, amma sai aka tsĩrar kawai bayan da mawaki ta mutuwa. Ya kasance m darektan na wasan kwaikwayo a Magdeburg daga 1834 zuwa 1836, inda ya gaba da aiki, "An haramta love" dangane da Shakespeare "gwargwado ga awo", da aka aiwatar da wasannin a 1836. Opera sha wahala cikakken fiasco, kuma ya aikata gidan wasan kwaikwayo fatara. Duk da haka, da kudi matsaloli na mawaki cike da dukan biography. Richard Wagner a cikin wannan shekara a Königsberg ya aure Minna mai tanadi, singer da actress, an rayayye da hannu a wani lardi wasan kwaikwayo rayuwa. A 'yan watanni baya ya yarda da post na music darektan reshen gidan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda, duk da haka, kuma nan da nan ya tafi fatara.

Da gazawar da Faransa da kuma koma Jamus

A 1837, Wagner ya zama na farko music darektan na wasan kwaikwayo a Riga. Bayan shekaru biyu, bayan koyan cewa kwantaraginsa zai ba za a mika, a karkashin Cover of dare, ya kange daga creditors da kuma haraji, ma'auratan tafi Paris, suna begen su sa shi a jihar. Richard Wagner, wanda biography da kuma aiki a Faransa samo asali quite daban, kamar yadda ya shirya domin lokaci akwai ɓullo da wani karfi ƙiyayya da Faransa m al'ada, wanda ya zauna tare da shi har zuwa karshen rayuwata. Sai a wannan lokaci, Wagner, fuskantar kudi matsaloli, sayar da Paris Opera rubutun "The Flying Dutchman" don amfani da wani mawaki. Daga baya ya rubuta wani version na tatsuniya. Sun ƙaryata da manyan mukaman m da'ira, Wagner ci gaba don yin yaki domin amincewa: composing music a Faransa texts, rubuta wani aria for Bellini ta "Norma". Amma ƙoƙarin sa ayyukansu a banza. A karshen, Sarkin Saxony yarda Wagner aiki a Dresden kotu gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma wannan sa a cikin manyan mukaman rayuwa.

Richard Wagner, ta taka rawar gani da kasawa, a 1842 ya koma zuwa Jamus da kuma zauna a Dresden, inda ya kasance da alhakin music ga kotun ɗakin sujada. "Rienzi" babban mai ban tausayi wasar kwaikwayo ta waka a Faransa style, dadin fadin nasara. Overture daga shi ne har yanzu rare. A 1845, a Dresden, da farko na "Tannhauser." Ya na farko undoubted nasara a Wagner ta aiki. A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekara ya kammala rubutun da libretto ga opera "Lohengrin" a farkon 1846 ya fara rubuta mata music. A lokaci guda, captivated da Scandinavian sagas, ya sanya tsare-tsaren domin tetralogy "The Zobe na Nibelung." A 1845, ya shirya da rubutun for farko drama na tetralogy "Mutuwar Siegfried," wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna da "faɗuwar rana daga cikin alloli."

Richard Wagner: a takaice biography. shekaru na gudun hijira

A juyin juya halin na 1848 ya barke a birane da yawa a Jamus. Daga cikin su ya Dresden, wani aiki takara a neman sauyi motsi wanda ya zama Richard Wagner. Biography da kuma aiki na mawaki sun fi mayar saboda wannan lokaci na rayuwarsa. Ya buga incendiary tirades a cikin kasa mujallar, da kaina rarraba manifestos daga Saxon da sojojin, kuma ko da ya tsira daga wuta a cikin hasumiya, daga wanda ya kalli ƙungiyoyi na soja. Mayu 16, 1849 da sammacin da aka bayar na farautarsa. Tare da kudi na abokai da kuma nan gaba a-dokar Franz Liszt ya gudu daga Dresden da kuma tafiya via Paris zuwa Switzerland. Akwai, da farko a Zurich sa'an nan kusa Lucerne ga na gaba 15 shekaru da kuma samo asali ya biography. Richard Wagner ya rayu, ba da ciwon m aiki, fitar daga Jamus, tare da haramta ya dauki bangare a cikin Jamus wasan kwaikwayo rayuwa. Duk wannan lokaci ya yi aiki a kan "Zobe des Nibelungen" cewa mamaye ya m rayuwa na gaba biyu da suka gabata.

A farko staging na Richard Wagner ta opera "Lohengrin" da aka gudanar a Weimar karkashin shugabanci na Franz Liszt a 1850 (marubucin bai gani aikinsa kafin 1861). By wannan lokaci da Jamusanci mawaki kuma sami daraja da matsayin polemicist, da kuma muhimman hakkokin msar tambayar aiki, "Opera da kuma Drama" ya fito a 1850-1851 gg. Yana tattauna muhimmancin Legends ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yadda za a rubuta da libretto, kuma aka gabatar da tunaninsa a kan aiwatar da "total aiki na art" da cewa canza da Theatrical rayuwa a Jamus, idan ba duniya.

A 1850, Wagner aka buga muqala "Yahudanci a Music", a cikin wanda ya tambaya sosai yiwuwar kasancewar Yahudawa mawaki kuma mawaki, musamman a cikin Jamus al'umma. Anti-Semitism zauna a hallmark na da falsafar rayuwa.

A shekara ta 1933, Tarayyar Soviet, da littafin da aka buga a cikin "Life of ƙwarai Mutane" series AA Sidorova "Richard Wagner." Brief biography na Jamus mawaki gabãta Lunacharsky kalmomi cewa ya kamata ba tsiyata duniya, tsallaka daga aikinsa, amma kuma sulilos "bone ya tabbata ga wanda zai bari wannan wizard a cikin zangon."

hayayyafa aiki

Richard Wagner cikin shahararrun ayyukan rubuta tsakanin 1850 da kuma 1865 - to su ya binta bashin da suna a yau. A mawaki da gangan shied daga gudana aiki don ƙirƙirar wani almara sake zagayowar wannan girma, wanda babu daya kafin shi ba encroach. A 1851, Wagner rubuta da libretto for "Sun Siegfried", daga baya mai suna "Siegfried" to shirya a kasa domin "faɗuwar rana daga cikin alloli." Ya gane cewa domin ya gaskata da sauran aiki, in ban da wannan, shi zai bukatar rubuta biyu mafi wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma da karshen 1851 Wagner sketched sauran rubutu ga "Zobba". Ya gama "Das Rheingold" a 1852 bayan da bita na libretto zuwa "Valkyrie."

A 1853, da mawaki ya hukumance fara rubuta "Das Rheingold". A orchestration aka kammala a 1854th. Next aikin ana tsanani fara Richard Wagner, "Mutu Walküre", shi da aka kammala a 1856-m. A wannan lokaci sai ya fara tunani game da rubutu "Tristan da Isolde". A 1857, na biyu aikin "Siegfried" da aka kammala da mawaki cikakken nutsa cikin muqala "Tristan." Wannan aikin da aka kammala a 1859, amma da farko ya faru ne kawai a cikin 1865, a Munich.

'yan shekarun nan

A 1860, Wilhelm Richard Wagner samu izinin komawa zuwa Jamus, ban da Saxony. Cikakken afuwa aka jiran shi a cikin shekaru biyu. A wannan shekarar ya fara rubuta music ga opera "The Mastersingers na Nuremberg", wanda aka ɗauki cikinsa a 1845-m. Wagner koma aiki a kan "Siegfried" a 1865, kuma ya fara yin da almara na nan gaba "Parsifal", begen wanda ya kiyaye tun da tsakiyar 1840s. Mawaki opera fara a nema ya zama majiɓinci Bavarian monarch Ludwig II. "Die Meistersinger" da aka kammala a 1867. A farko da aka gudanar a Munich na gaba shekara. Kawai bayan da ya ya iya ci gaba aikin a kan na uku yi na "Siegfried", wanda aka kammala a cikin watan Satumba 1869. A cikin wannan watan, an fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na "Das Rheingold". The music ga "faɗuwar rana daga cikin alloli," da mawaki ya rubuta tsakanin 1869 da kuma 1874

A karo na farko da cikakken sake zagayowar "Der Zobe des Nibelungen" ( "Das Rheingold," "Die Walküre", "Siegfried" da "faɗuwar rana daga cikin alloli") da aka kashe a cikin "Festspielhaus", bikin wasan kwaikwayo cewa Wagner gina wa kansa a Bayreuth a 1876, bayan shekaru 30 bayan wannan ra'ayin farko ya zo da shi. Ya kammala aiki a kan "Parsifal", ya latest wasan kwaikwayo a 1882. Fabrairu 13, 1883 a Venice, Richard Wagner ya mutu, aka binne shi a Bayreuth.

Falsafa tetralogy

"The Zobe na Nibelung" bautar wani tsakiyar wuri a cikin aikin na Wagner. Ga yana so ya gabatar da sabon tunani na dabi'a da kuma adam mataki, wanda zai yi gaba daya ya canza hanya na tarihi. Sai ya yi zaton a duniya free of bauta wa allahntaka bauta, wanda ya yi ĩmãni da wani mummunan tasiri a rayuwar yammaci daga zamanin d Girka zuwa yanzu. Wagner kuma dauke da tushen dukkan ayyukan mutane tsõron kamata rabu da cewa mutum ya iya rayuwa da wani kamiltaccen rai. The "Zobe na Nibelungen" ya yi kokarin bayyana mafi girma rates for mutane, abubuwa da za su mamaye a kan waɗanda galihu. A nuna, bisa ga shi, mere mutãne misã, dole gane nasu low matsayi da kuma bayar da ƙawa manufa gwarzo. Matsalolin da alaka search na halin kirki da kuma launin fata tsarki, suna da wani ɓangare na shirin, wanda lanci Richard Wagner.

Ayyukan da mawaki yi da imani cewa kawai total nutsewa a cikin wani azanci shine kwarewa iya yantad da mutum daga constraints na rationality. Abin iya kasance mai muhimmanci da hankali, fasaha rayuwa ne a game Wagner kamar hani ga cimma mafi cikakken mutum na wayar da kan jama'a. Kawai a lokacin da manufa mutumin da manufa mace zo tare, transcendental jaruntakar image za a iya halitta. Kuma Siegfried Brungilda karfe unbeaten bayan ƙaddamar da juna; baicin su gushe zama cikakke.

A Wagner ta mythical duniya wani wurin da rahamarSa, kuma idealism. Aikata kawai farin ciki da juna. Dukan mutane bukatar gane da magabaci na wasu daga cikin halittu, sa'an nan sallamãwa suke so. A mutum na iya bincika kaddara, amma dole ne ya yi biyayya da nufinsa daga cikin mafi girma, idan da hanyõyi ƙetare. The "Zobe na Nibelungen" Wagner so ya jũya a kan wayewar gada daga cikin Helenawa-Judeo-Kirista duniya. Ya so ya ga duniya, wanda aka mamaye da ƙarfi, kuma wildness, sung a cikin Norse sagas. A sakamakon wannan falsafa na nan gaba na Jamus ya zama catastrophic.

Falsafa da sauran operas

A "Tristan," Wagner ya canza gaba daya da tsarin kula, ci gaba da shi a cikin "Zobe na Nibelung." Maimakon haka, ya bincika da duhu gefe na soyayya to nutse har zuwa cikin zurfin na korau kwarewa. Tristan da Isolde, liberated, ba wanzuwa soyayya potion suna da bugu, yarda ya hallaka mulkin, to son da kuma rayuwa; son sha'awa ikon soyayya aka dauke a nan kamar yadda hallakaswa, kuma style m chromaticism da sararin orchestral pulsations ne manufa domin rahotanni wa'adin wasan kwaikwayo.

Narcissism Wagner, wanda ya ba m da kome amma makafi ta zuwa ga flaws, ya zo wurin fore a "Die Meistersinger." The labari ne game da wani matashi gwarzo-singer zuwa nasara da haihuwa domin kuma zana saukar da wani sabon, mafi m style ga hadisai hade kamfanin na Nuremberg - mai hikaya na "zobe" a wani dan kadan daban-daban sunan. Wagner ya ce a fili cewa "Tristan" ne "Zobe" a dada. Babu shakka, a cikin "Die Meistersinger" mawaki gano tare da Almasihu adadi na matasa Jamus mawãƙi kuma singer wanda ya lashe kyautar, kuma a karshe soma da shugaban na wani sabon al'umma - suna a hankali lauye almarar marubucin da biography. Richard Wagner "Parsifal" ko mafi maida gano kansa da gwarzo-ceto, da fansa na duniya. A sharu ɗ, kuma raira yabo ga wasar kwaikwayo ta waka, sunã da daukakar marubucin, kuma ba su da wani abin bautãwa.

The m harshe

Da har na Wagner ta hangen nesa ne kamar yadda m kamar yadda tare tunaninsa da kuma metaphysics. Ba tare da music, ya drama zai har yanzu zama wuri a cikin tarihi na tunanin yammaci. Richard Wagner, wanda music rubanya darajar aikinsa sau da yawa, haifar da harshen, mafi wakiltar da falsafar. Ya yi nufi ya nutsar da juriya na sojojin na dalilin da m wajen. Fi dacewa, da karin waƙa kamata ta kasance har abada, da kuma murya da rubutu wani bangare ne na masana'anta, interwoven da wani m yanar gizo na orchestration. Fi'ili harshe, sau da yawa sosai m da syntactically torturous, aka yarda ne kawai ta hanyar music.

Domin Wagner ta music a kowace hanya da aka ba kari, saka a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo a bãyan ƙarshe, kuma shi ne fiye da wani darasi a cikin m rhetoric, "art for art ta sake." Yana binds da rayuwa da kuma art, gaskiya da kuma mafarki na guda symbiotic jam'iyya, exert nasu sihiri sakamako a kan masu sauraro. Wagner ta m harshen ne aka yi nufi ga debunk da m kuma sa mara yarda da mawaki ta imani. A Wagner karanta Schopenhauer manufa m wasanin kwaikwayo - wannan ba wani tunani na duniya, amma duniya kanta.

mutuntakar

Irin wannan sakamako na m rai na Wagner bata ce kome ba game da m matsaloli a cikin sirri rai, wanda, bi da bi, na da wani tasiri a kan wasan opera. Ya kasance da gaske a basu baye adadi wanda ya rinjaya cũta. A Switzerland, da mawaki ya rayu a kan gudummawa da aka samu tare da taimakon m wayo da ikon sarrafa mutane. A musamman, shi da gudummawar da alheri na iyali Wesendonck, kuma Matilda Vezendonk, daya daga cikin da dama masoya na Wagner wahayi zuwa gare shi rubuta "Tristan."

A mawaki ta rayuwa bayan tashi daga Saxony ya akai jerin da rikici, da jayayya, ƙoƙarin shawo kan rashin tunani na duniya, da neman cikakken mace cancanci aunarsa, kuma manufa majiɓinci, cancantar mai karɓa na kudi wanda shi zai iya zama. Cosima von Bulow Liszt ya amsar kokarinsa domin cikakken mace, obsequiously da fanatically duqufar zuwa ga alheri. Duk da yake Wagner da kuma Minna don wani lokaci zama shi kadai, ya aka ba aure to Cosimo a 1870, kusan shekaru goma bayan mutuwar matarsa ta farko. Shekaru 30, matasa, fiye da mijinta, Cosima sauran rayuwarsa sadaukar da kanta Wagner ta wasan kwaikwayo a Bayreuth. Ya mutu a cikin 1930

Yana tabbatar da wani manufa majiɓinci, Ludwig II, wanda a zahiri ajiye Wagner daga mabartan 'kurkuku da kuma koma da mawaki to Munich da kusan keken shanu Blanche ga rayuwa da kuma aiki. Crown kwafi Lyudvig na Bavaria halarci farko na "Lohengrin" yana da shekaru goma sha biyar. Ya ƙaunar Richard Wagner - ba hawaye na farin ciki welling a idanunsa da zarar wani high-ranking iyawa sha'awar da mawaki a lokacin wani wasan kwaikwayon. Opera ya zama tushen na Sarkin Bavaria fantasy duniya, a cikin abin da ya sau da yawa gudu a cikin ta adult rayuwa. Ya kamu da wani ra'ayi tare da Wagner ta operas kai ga gina daban-daban fairytale gidãje. "Neuschwanstein" ne mai yiwuwa cikin shahararrun tsarin, wahayi zuwa gare ta ga ayyukan Jamus mawaki.

Bayan da ceto, duk da haka, Wagner yi girman haka offensively to suyi, sunã yin sujada matasa monarch cewa bayan shekaru 2 da aka tilasta musu gudu. Ludwig, duk da ya cizon yatsa, ya nuna jin taimako ga mawaki. Godiya ga ya karimci a 1876 aka sanya yiwu farko festival yi na "Der Zobe des Nibelungen" a Bayreuth.

Difficile Wagner ya gamsu da ya ɗaukaka, da kuma tare da shekaru shi ya zama manic ra'ayin. Ya kasance m na wata shakka, wani gazawar da ya kai shi, kuma ya halitta. Duk abin a gidansa kawai revolved a kusa da shi, da kuma da'awar da mãtan aure ba, mistresses, abokai, masu kida da philanthropists sun haddi. Alal misali, Hanslick, shahararren Viennese music zargi, ya zama samfur Bekmessera a "Die Meistersinger."

Lokacin da wani matashi Falsafa Fridrih Nitsshe farko hadu Wagner, ya yi tsammani ya sami hanya zuwa ga Allah, don haka mai haskakawa da kuma iko da shi da jũna a gare shi. Daga baya Nietzsche gane cewa mawaki ne da yawa kasa da cikakken jiki magabacin mutumi, yadda ya bayyana gare shi, kuma suka jũya bãya a kyama. Wagner taba gafarta wa jirgin Nietzsche.

Place a tarihi

A ƙarshe dai cimma Wagner outweigh hali, da kuma gado ne. Da ya gudanar ya tsira da ake iya faɗi kin amincewa da bãyanta na composers. Wagner halitta irin wannan tasiri, musamman m harshe, musamman a cikin "Tristan" da "Parsifal" cewa farkon zamani music ne sau da yawa kwanan rana zuwa lokaci aukuwan wadannan operas.

Richard Wagner, wanda ya shahara da ayyuka ba su iyakance zuwa tsarki takalidai da m msar tambayar ci gaba, ya nuna cewa music ne mai rai da karfi da za su iya canza rayuwar mutane. Bugu da kari, an tabbatar da cewa ban mamaki wasan kwaikwayo ne da wani forum na ideas, ba scene kubuta daga gaskiya da kuma nishadi. Kuma ya nuna cewa mawaki iya rightfully da dauki wuri daga cikin mafi girman juyin juya halin Musulunci Thinkers na yammacin duniya, tambayar da kai hare hare abin da ya bayyana unacceptable a cikin gargajiya irin hali, kwarewa, da ilimi da kuma zane-zane. Tare da Karlom Marksom da Charles Darwin Richard Wagner biography, kerawa, music mawaki ya cancanci ya dauki da rightful wuri a cikin tarihi na al'adu na XIX karni.