White gubar: da kaddarorin, yi, amfani, cutar da lafiya

Ma'adinai launuka fari, sanya a kan tushen da gubar, mai suna bayan da ma'adinai da aka hada a cikin abun da ke ciki - fari gubar. Dangane da kasa, lokaci da kuma hanyar da Manufacturing gubar-tushen Paint ne variously kira: psimition, Dutch, cerussite, azurfa ko kawai azurfa kumfa, Klagenfurt, Venetian fari, tsarki da fari gubar da sauransu.

A tarihin abin da ya faru

Domin da farko lokacin fari gubar da aka bayyana a cikin rubuce-rubucen na Greek marubuci Dioscorides a IV karni BC. Riga ya san game da kaddarorin gubar da zai fita daga gare ta, don samar da launuka. A kadan daga baya mowa masana'antu da fasaha, ko, kamar yadda suka kira su, cerussa, ya bayyana Roman marubuta kamar Vitruvius, Pliny da Theophrastus. The "sabon" hasken fari gubar karo na farko ya bayyana a cikin Netherlands a tsakiyar zamanai. Factory samar da fari sosai da sauri samu mai fadi da rarraba, kuma su amfani ne kullum girma. Duk da wannan, masana kimiyya Bergman kawai zuwa karshen XVIII karni, ya iya bayyana da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na fari.

Kamar yadda na Rasha, da tarihi na amfani da yi farin gubar ba haka ba ne, da haihuwa, da shekara ɗari da suka wuce, sun fara fitar mana. Kai-tushen Paint a cikin manyan yawa samar a Yaroslavl, wanda aka dauke su zama cibiyar samar da farar ƙasa. Don kwanan wata, akwai da dama masana'antu tsunduma a cikin yi da fari-sani brands cewa suna rare a dukan duniya.

fanni na aikace-aikace

Za ka iya yin amfani da fari gubar a matsayin sauran ƙarfi ga wasu launuka. Haka ya shafi yin amfani da zanen aiki saboda high yawan guba daga cikin samfurin. A kwarai lokuta da yin amfani da gubar-tushen fari Paint for karfe saman.

Idan, duk da haka, akwai da yin amfani da fari gubar a cikin aikin, shi wajibi ne m riko da aminci dokoki wajabta a cikin hali na yin amfani da irin wannan kwayoyi. Saboda cutarwa effects a kan jikin mutum, ko matsayin wani ɓangare na Paint an haramta yin amfani da fari gubar.

Saboda babban yawan guba da amfani da fari kayyade a majalisu matakin. Saboda haka, da dokokin 1909 da kuma 1926 ya shafa da kaifi dakushe a cikin shekara-shekara samar da wadannan Paints a Faransa. Goma sha biyu Paint masana'antu a wannan kasar a shekara samar da fiye da 20 000 ton na whiting a yanzu lokaci, da adadin bai wuce 1,000 ton. Wadannan dokokin suna, da rashin alheri, kawai nema zuwa karkarar Faransa, a cikin wasu kasashe, da yin amfani da fari gubar da aka ba da takaitawa doka ta.

Properties na fari gubar

Su ake samar a cikin nau'i na nauyi fararen foda ciwon granular tsarin. Lokacin da fallasa da tururi na acetic acid don ya samar da gubar da fari gubar. Launi su, kuna hukunta da sunan, fari. Saboda yanayin samar da tsari zuwa karshe samfurin ƙunshi kananan adadin gubar sugar. Wannan rinjayar da turare da fari gubar, suna da dan kadan sourish dandano, da rabo daga acetic asali gubar gishiri dole ba wuce kashi 1% na jimlar impurities.

Ma'adinai Paints, wanda an hada da fari gubar, da wani babban buya iko da gajeren bushewa lokaci. Har zuwa 10% na jimlar nauyin da tawada da su mai sha. Outdoors White sauri solidify, kuma wannan na faruwa a ko'ina cikin kauri daga cikin Paint Layer. Shi ne da godiya ga wannan quality kamar yadda ta bukata a zanen a multilayer fasaha da kuma samar da man fetur primers fari gubar.

Abun da ke ciki, ya kuma inganta da ikon ga m bushewa da tawada ne sauƙi canjawa wuri zuwa wasu kayan, tare da sakamakon cewa ko da jinkirin-bushewa tawada ga sauri bushe daga cikin ta Layer. Na musamman darajar ake samu ga podmalevki matsayin manufa domin m batawa, da kyau hade tare da m yadudduka da kuma ba crack.

Lows a cikin yin amfani da fari gubar

Baya daga cikin fili amfanin da yin amfani da fari gubar, sunã da wani yawan nauyi disadvantages.

Farko, kuma farkon shi ne ya kamata a lura da high yawan guba daga cikin foda. Lokacin shafa duk aminci dokoki dole ne a bi, domin, don haka da cewa foda an fesa. An sani ba kawai domin lokuta da tsanani da guba, amma kuma m.

White gubar ne iya canza su haske. Lokacin da fallasa su hydrogen sulfide Paint shi da farko ya fara girma launin ruwan kasa, sa'an nan gaba daya ya koma baki. Wannan ya faru ne kawai idan wani ɓangare na wani kasa yawan fari m kashi. Duk da haka, wannan tsari ne reversible. Domin na farko saye fentin surface irin fenti dole ne mu bi da hydrogen peroxide, iya mayar da baki gubar sulphide cikin sulphate fari.

A wani alkaline yanayi, fari sosai m, wanda ya sa ba su da dace da alkaline tempera da fresco.

A zanen irin wannan bayani dalla-dalla da aka gani. White gubar, linseed man pounded tare, suna da ikon canza duniya. Idan hoton da aka juya daga cikin taga da ake nufi ga bango Paint dangane da fari gubar rawaya, amma shi ne iya komawa zuwa na ainihi launi, yayin da idan shi ne fallasa zuwa hasken rana kai tsaye.

Iri-iri na fari

Don kwanan wata, akwai daban-daban na fari. Gubar, tutiya da titanium sun fi na kowa.

Kai - mafi tsufa, su sau da yawa amfani da haihuwa artists. Amfani da su shi ne cewa shi za a iya amfani da a m yadudduka, da kuma Paint ta kafe sosai da sauri. Shi yana da saukin tsari, kuma shi ne mafi barga. Amma babban drawback ne ta yawan guba.

Titanium fari. Su ne babu kasa rare da artists da kuma halaye ne kama da fari gubar. Wannan Paint ne whitest sautin, amma ta Rashin kyaunta shine cewa shi ne cikakken m da kuma gaba daya cika da sauran sautunan.

Wadannan ne Popular tare da farin kumar kasko Masters. Sun shiga tsakani kai tsaye a cikin lãka, kuma idan abin da yake bai isa ba, to, shafi na bakin ciki Layer a saman wani.

Tutiya oxide. Su ne ba kamar yadda m kamar yadda titanium fari , da kuma saboda haka suna amfani da toning da ake ji m yadudduka. A downside wannan Paint ne kawai dogon bushewa lokaci.

Dutch hanyar

Wannan shi ne na farko da mafi tsoho hanya na fari gubar samar. Domin wannan tsari, da gubar faranti 2-3 mm m tsiri aka yanka a cikin wani tsawon 6 cm sanya shi a cikin wani glazed earthenware tukwane, haka wuce karkace. Tukwane ya kamata game da 1 lita, da kuma wani tsawo na 20 cm. NAN aka kara 250 ml da vinegar. A tukwane ana sanya shi a cikin layuka na tubali kamara kuma cike da koyaswa yadudduka na doki taki, suna kara da cewa. A kasa Layer tana tattare da doki taki, shi an saita zuwa na farko Layer na tukwane, suna rufe a kan saman da gubar faranti da katakai, da sarari tsakanin tukwane kuma cike da taki. Kamar wancan tukwane ana kafa zuwa saman yadudduka.

A lokacin taki fermentation haifar zafi, wanda da inganta harkokin danshin na acetic acid. Lokacin tsara oxygen daga iska gubar-samar acetic gishiri, an tuba zuwa uglesvintsovuyu, wanda shine fari gubar. Kan aiwatar da rabuwa na fari daga gubar faranti daga cikin mafi laborious, sau da yawa tsunduma a cikin wannan na'ura. Mafi yadu amfani da wannan manufa ne mai duwatsu na'urar.

Jamus hanyar

Bambanci daga aiwatar da Jamusanci Dutch kawai a details. Gubar zanen gado ba ta tsoma baki a cikin tukwane, da ake rataye a tubali da kuma itace Kwayoyin. A ci gaba da aiwatar da Effects acetic acid da oxygen m. Mafi sau da yawa wannan hanya da ake amfani da Manjo nema.

Faransa hanyar

Tenar aka samarwa da Faransa Hanyar Manufacturing fari gubar. Domin shi ne kerarre farko da bayani acetic gubar salts, sa'an nan ta hanyar abin da carbon dioxide da aka wuce. A sakamakon haka, kebe fari, da kuma talakawan acetic Gubar gishiri ya zauna a cikin bayani. Wannan tsari ne m, kamar yadda a cikin wata ciyar bayani redissolved litharge, forming wani asali gishiri.

Turanci hanyar

Wannan hanya na extracting fari gubar ne mafi hadaddun da aka haka amfani da kasa kwanan nan. A kwance ganguna sanya litharge, moistened da wani bayani da 1% gubar sugar. Akwai ya amfani agitator rotates. A wannan yanayin, da carbon dioxide rafi da aka sarrafa.

Domin wannan tsari, shi ne muhimmanci cewa a cikin litharge sun ba impurities, ko fari iya saya wani a ke so launi.