Architect Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich: aikin

A karshen Oktoba 1812 labarai na m wuta ya barke a Moscow bayan shigarwa to Napoleon ta sojojin, ya zo ya Ryazan. Da ra'ayin cewa kashi biyu cikin uku na Moscow gine-gine halakar da aka musamman wuce misali daya daga cikin babban birnin kasar na 'yan gudun hijira, saboda m Kazakov ya kashe dukan iyawa a ado Pervoprestolnoj kyau gine-gine a cikin gargajiya style da kuma "Rasha Gothic".

Lalle Rasha m

An haife shi a 1738 a cikin iyali wanda ya zo daga serfs, aka ciyar da su da wani gagarumin clerical daraja. Ta hanyar da isa yabo na uba da m Matvei Kazakov a 1751 shigar da makaranta daga cikin shahararrun m Dmitriya Vasilevicha Uhtomskogo (1719-1774), wanda ya gina da yawa gine-gine a cikin zamanin Sarauniya Elizabeth. Bugu da kari ga m art makaranta Kazakov samu m basira a cikin kungiyar na yi, zabi na kayan da fasahar. Yana kuwa ya zama hallmark quality.

Hur m zane, m adadi wanda ya canja sassa - shi ne muhimmi a cikin master daga wani matashi. Ya mai hoto fasaha ya aikata a kan mafi kyau misalai na gine-gine da al'adunmu na baya, karatu tsoho Greek umarni. Kazakov m ya zama wani nuna jin goyon bayan wani da hankali ga daki-daki, kwayoyin gargajiya style.

A farko-gwajen

A cikin bazara na 1763 mai tsanani wuta halakar Tver. Sake gina birni ya umurci almajiri Ukhtomskogo Peter Romanovich Nikitin. Matvey Kazakov - da m hada Nikitin a tawagar, aiki a daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci abubuwa - da gida na kai na coci na Tver. Catherine kanta yaba II mayar a kan sabon shirin na birnin, kira na biyu Tver kyakkyawa (bayan St. Petersburg) a Rasha.

Bishop gidan, wanda ya zama wani gidan sarki, a cikin abin da dakatar da shi Catherine a kan isowa a cikin sabuwar sāke gina birnin, sanya shahara m sunan, da kuma m Kazakov fara samun zaman kwamitocin daga wealthiest da aka fi misalta Rasha mutane. Saboda haka, domin PF Naschokina suka gina wani m gidan gona hatsin rai Semyonovskoe a cikin kogin Nara, a Serpukhov.

Kazakov da Bazhenov

Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov (1738-1799) - mai girma Rasha m, wanda shi ne guda shekaru Kazakova. By lokacin gamuwa Bazhenov da ya shige cikin makaranta na Turai gine bayan da Academy of Fine Arts, tun ciyar da yawa shekaru a Faransa da kuma Italiya. Ya yi model na St. Bitrus a Roma, kuma galleries. LOUVRE a Paris, soaking up da ilmi da kwarewa daga cikin manyan Masters Faransa classicism: Claude-Nikola Ledu, Jacques-Zhermena Sufflo da sauransu.

Ba kamar Bazhenova Kazakov Na taba bar Rasha, don haka kokarin kara wa m kwarewa da kuma Bazhenov ra'ayi na gine-gine a matsayin wani babban art, bude wani sabon kyakkyawa a kundin haduwa, shiryawa yanke shawara, a cikin tsaftacewa na kayan ado. Works Matiyu Fedorovich son Bazhenov, kuma ya gayyace shi zuwa hadin kan grandiose umarni samu daga Empress kanta.

"A Kremlin balaguro"

Ekaterina Velikaya ya ga Moscow hadaddun ji. Too babban bambanci tsakanin St. Petersburg - da m babban birnin kasar na Turai - da farko Al'arshi, inda ya kasance indestructible Byzantine, Asian ruhu, wanda jũna a ta da personification na Kremlin. A nan tana son ta fara Europeanization na Moscow, entrusting aikin sake gina cibiyar birnin Bazhenov.

M aikin, samarwa da "balaguro domin gina da Kremlin Palace", har ma da Empress da jũna ma m. Bazhenov samarwa rushe tsohon gini, da gina wata babbar Multi-storey fada, suna fuskantar majestic facades daga cikin kogi, amma cikin sharuddan kafa rufe babban kwatance na radial titunan Moscow.

Cikin shekaru biyar, da aikin da aka kammala, ya yi imbin model na Grand Kremlin Palace. Ko da kauri kwanciya daga cikin sabon ginin da kuma rushe ɓangare na bango, amma sai bai samu. Catherine rasa sha'awa kan wannan aiki, ya sa Moscow barazanar yawa daga arewacin babban birnin kasar, sun bukaci imbin kashe kudi. Daga bisani nada kai da maimaitawa na Kremlin, MF Cossacks (m tare da m hannayensu-on kwarewa fiye da Bazhenov) mayar da halakar da wani ɓangare na bango, da kuma gina a kan shirye domin fara yi yanki na sabon ginin gwamnati - Majalisar Dattawa. Amma da farko, ya ci gaba da aiki tare da Bazhenov.

Haihuwa na "Rasha Gothic"

A 1775, a umurnin da Catherine a Moscow gudanar da wani biki a kan lokaci na da annexation na Crimea da kuma cikar Kuchuk Kainarji da Turks. Don yin wannan, a Khodynka aka gina wucin gadi katako haimõmi depicting Turkish birni. Yin wannan aikin da aka danƙa wa "Kremlin balaguro" jagorancin Bazhenov, a kusa ally wanda sake shi ne m Kazakov.

A sakamakon haka, dangane da m Oriental abubuwa da classic rabbai haife festive, da gangan Theatrical, na ado style, wanda ake kira na karya ko "Rasha Gothic". Ya na son wannan Empress Catherine, kuma ta miƙa zuwa maimaita shi a cikin wani more m abu, da gina kusa Khodynka Field Road Palace, ta bukatar ya huta bayan wani dogon tafiya daga Arewacin Capital. Sarrafa aikin da aka nada Kazakov. Petrovsky Palace ya zama daya daga cikin kololuwa na "Rasha Gothic" ta wajen jagorantar Rasha m Kazakov.

Majalisar Dattijan gini a Kremlin

Lokacin da akwai bukatar a manyan jama'a gini, ba shakka, cewa ya zane da aka kõma M. F.Kazakov a Moscow - wani m, ne Zenith na daraja da kuma iyawa a cikin Firayim. Kuma suka gina wani triangular a sharuddan ginin na Majalisar Dattawa ta yi wani sabon ganiya na kerawa.

Kazakov shirin ba da sikelin da Great Palace Bazhenov, amma bai haifar wa nazarin quality, kamalar total mafita da kuma gyara. The Dome sama zauren, wanda ya kamata ya rike zaman na gwamnati, rinjayar da size da fasaha kisa. Ba da dukan majalisar dattijai da solemnity da ɗaukaka, a bayyane daga Red Square, yana taimaka wa juna shige da classic jama'a gini a gungu na babban square da kuma a kusa da birnin cibiyar.

Almara a Tsaritsyno

A fadar kuma wurin shakatawa gungu, da ake kira "Tsarina" da aka gina a kan ƙasar sayi fitar da Catherine a 1775. Zai kasance na farko da irin wannan abu dake waje na St. Petersburg. Aikin da aka samu izini da Bazhenov da nufin yin amfani da fantasy style, kira na karya ko "Rasha Gothic" da kuma Bazhenov kira "m" Gothic.

Domin wannan aikin da m dauki tare da duk ardor, shekara goma da aka za'ayi yi na hadaddun, amma a gama ta yi ya sake Kazakov. Daga cikin Sanadin sarauta fushi, wanda buga da Bazhenov bayan ziyarar da Ekaterinoy Tsaritsyna, da ake kira m na zuwa "Freemasons" - Empress gan a Masonry karfi iya wanzar da danta - Paul I. Akwai wasu ra'ayin, abin da shi ne gaskiya - ba shi yiwuwa a san amma kammala aikin manyan gidãje da su yanayi M. Kazakov. The m kokarin a hankali bi da aboki da kuma shawarta, da barin m wasu gine-gine Bazhenov. Kewayen birni Moscow zama na Rasha tsars Tsaritsyno kuma ya mutu, amma farfado a wani zamani tsari, shi ne mai rare biki makõma, kuma daya daga cikin gani na Moscow.

Masterpieces "dopozharnoy" Moscow

Tun da marigayi seventies na karni na sha takwas m Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich zahiri zama abin yau ne ake kira manyan m na Moscow. Daga cikin gine-gine da yawa wuraren ibada, presences gine-gine da kuma masu zaman kansu kadarori. Da yawa daga cikin ayyukan da aka rasa a cikin wuta na Napoleonic mamayewa, da wasu da aka gina, amma wasu fice misalai aikinsa za a iya ganin darajarsa a yau.

"Rasha Gothic" wani whim na arziki da kuma sarauta abokan ciniki, da kuma Kazakov, yafi gina a cikin rare classic style. Wannan ne Church of Lardi Philip a Meshchansky Sloboda. Yana da ban sha'awa hade saita zuwa juna zagaye cikin sharuddan girma da kuma high quality na stucco ado, wanda shi ne musamman a bayyane iyawa Kazakova-zane.

Wonderful fitacciyar - Church of Cosmas da Damian a kan Maroseyka - bambanta da masterful hade da mai lankwasa kundin da kusan zamani tsarin kula da minimalist a kayan ado. Bugu da kari wani babban yawan manyan gidãje, majami'u, masu zaman kansu gidaje, makaranta gine-gine, ya gina uku asibitoci, kowanne daga abin da ya zama mai ado na Moscow.

A musamman da makaman ga Moscow Kazakov - ginin na Manzon Allah Sallallahu Majalisar - House of Kungiyoyi. Facades a lokaci mai tsawo, domin sake gina, amma ciki na sau da yawa (da suite, da kuma babban abu - da Column Hall) iyar da ra'ayin m a kusan asali form. A babbar adadin, wanda zai iya saukar da har zuwa 5000 mutane, tana da ban sha'awa, a wani classically jitu.

Mahaliccin Moscow XVIII karni

Bugu da kari zuwa wasu gine-gine da aka sani, Legacy da m - wani m kewayon Masters, wani malamin wanda ya m Kazakov. Works I. V. Egotova, AN Bakareva, O. I. Bove, IG Taman an da'awa ga m dawo daga Moscow, a lokaci guda amfani da sauran aiki Kazakova 13 albums da tsare-tsaren, elevations da kuma sassan mafi muhimmanci gine-gine a Moscow .

Ya mutu, ba su iya kai da tunani na mutuwa na ƙaunataccen birni, amma wata dama basira da kuma aiki tukuru Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov ba za a iya rasa ba tare da wata alama, da kuma Renaissance Moscow har yanzu rike da memory na babban gini.