Wa? Ir? Ira da atomic bam? A tarihin na atomic bam

Duk wanda ya? Ir? Ira da atomic bam, ba ma tunanin da ban tausayi sakamakon cewa zai iya haifar shi ne mai ban mamaki da sabuwar dabara na XX karni. Kafin wannan superweapon samu da mazauna Japan biranen Hiroshima da kuma Nagasaki, an yi wani sosai tsawon hanya.

a farkon

A watan Afrilu 1903, a cikin Paris lambu shahara likita daga cikin abokansa suka hallara a Faransa Paul Langevin. A lokaci ya kāriyar sabawa rubuce-rubucensu na wani matashi da talented masana kimiyya Marii Kyuri. Daga cikin rarrabe baƙi shi ne shahararren Birtaniya likita Sir Ernest Rutherford. A tsakiyar fun shi aka shãfe haskensu haske. Mariya Kyuri sanar duk da cewa za mamaki a yau. Tare da kauri Per Kyuri sanya wani kananan bututu da radium salts, wanda Lights sama a kore, haddasa m yanzu ni'ima. Daga baya baƙi zafi yi magana game da nan gaba na wannan sabon abu. Duk sun amince da a ra'ayi cewa saboda radium kuskure m matsalar makamashi karancin. Yana duk wahayi sabon bincike da kuma kara al'amurra. To, idan sun aka ce cewa dakin gwaje-gwaje aiki tare da rediyoaktif abubuwa zai zama farkon XX karni mai tsanani makami, shi ne ba a sani ba me zai zama su dauki. A sa'an nan ya fara da tarihin na atomic bam, wanda ya kashe dubban daruruwan Japan fararen hula.

Game gaba da kwana

Disamba 17, 1938 da Jamus masanin kimiyya Otto Gannom aka samu gardama hujja daga cikin lalata na uranium a cikin karami na farko barbashi. A gaskiya ma, ya gudanar ya raba zarra. A duniyar kimiyya, shi da aka a matsayin wani muhimmin abin tunawa a tarihin 'yan adam. Otto Hahn bai raba da ra'ayin siyasa, na uku Reich. Saboda haka, a cikin wannan shekara ta 1938, masana kimiyya da aka tilasta su matsa zuwa Stockholm, inda, tare da Fridrihom Shtrassmanom ya ci gaba da bincike a fannin kimiyya. Da tsoron cewa Nazi Jamus na farko samun wani mummunan makamin, ya rubuta wata wasika ga shugaban kasar Amurka tare da wani gargadi game da shi. The labari game da yiwu forestall firgita ƙwarai gwamnatin {asar Amirka. Amirkawa fara aiki da sauri da kuma decisively.

Wane ne ya halitta atomic bam? American project

Ko kafin barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, wani rukuni na American masana kimiyya, da dama daga wanda su 'yan gudun hijira daga Jamus-farkisanci gwamnatin a Turai, da aka tuhuma da bunkasa makamin nukiliya. Harufan karatu, ya kamata a lura, da aka za'ayi a Nazi Jamus. A 1940, gwamnati na United States of America fara kudaden nasu shirin wajen samar da atomic makamai. Domin aiwatar da aikin da aka kasaftawa wani m Naira Miliyan Xari ga waɗanda sau biyu da rabi dala biliyan. Da aiwatar da wannan sirrin aikin yi fice a kimiyyar lissafi na XX karni da aka gayyata, daga gare su, fiye da goma Nobel yabon. A cikin duka, shi da hannu game da 130 dubu ma'aikata, tsakanin wanda aka ba kawai soja amma kuma fararen hula. A ci gaba da tawagar a karkashin jagorancin Kanar Leslie Richard Ashtarot, duba ya Robert Oppenheimer. Shi ya - mutumin da ya ƙirƙira atomic bam. musamman m aikin injiniya da ginin da aka gina a Manhattan, wanda aka sani a gare mu a karkashin code sunan "Manhattan Project." Kan gaba 'yan shekaru, masana kimiyya sun yi aiki a kan wani m aikin da makaman nukiliya fission na uranium da kuma plutonium.

Unpacific zarra Igor Kurchatova

Yau, kowane dalibi zai iya amsa wannan tambaya na wanda ƙirƙira da atomic bam da Tarayyar Soviet. Kuma a sa'an nan, a cikin farkon 30-ies karni na karshe, ba wanda ya san.

A 1932, Academician Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov daya daga cikin na farko karatu na atomic tsakiya ta fara a duniya. Ta hanyar kawo kamar shiryayye mutane, Kurchatov a 1937 halitta na farko cyclotron a Turai. A wannan shekara, shi da kamar shiryayye mutane da kuma haifar da farko wucin gadi tsakiya.

A 1939 I. V. Kurchatov fara koyon wani sabon shugabanci - nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi. Bayan da dama nasarorin a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje nazarin wannan sabon abu masanin kimiyya na'am da kuma dashi a asirce da bincike cibiyar, wanda aka mai suna "Laboratory № 2". Yau wannan sirrin da makaman da ake kira "Arzamas-16."

A manufa yanki na wannan cibiyar da aka mai tsanani bincike da ci gaban na makaman nukiliya. Yanzu ya bayyana wanda Ya halitta atomic bam da Tarayyar Soviet. Da tawagar ya sa'an nan kawai goma mutane.

Atomic bam zama

By karshen shekarar 1945, Igoryu Vasilevichu Kurchatovu sarrafa tara mai tsanani tawagar masana kimiyya na fiye da dari mutane. A mafi kyau zukatan daban-daban kimiyya specializations zo a cikin Lab daga fadin kasar da za a gina makaman nukiliya. Bayan da faduwa na atomic bam a Hiroshima da Amirkawa, Soviet masana kimiyya ya gane cewa za a yi wannan da Tarayyar Soviet. "Laboratory № 2" samu daga management na kasar kaifi karuwa a kudade da kuma babban ambaliya na gwani ma'aikata. Alhakin wannan wani muhimmin aikin sanya Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beriya. Babbar ayyukan Soviet masana kimiyya sun haifa 'ya'yan.

Semipalatinsk

A atomic bam a Tarayyar Soviet da aka farko gwada a kan gwajin site a Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan). 29 ga watan Agusta, 1949 a nukiliya na'urar damar 22 kilotons girgiza Kazakh ƙasar. Nobel Prize-lashe likita Otto Hants ce: "Wannan shi ne mai kyau labarai. Idan Rasha za su yi wani makamin nukiliya, to, za a yaki. " Yana da wannan atomic bam a Tarayyar Soviet, a matsayin zane samfurin lambar 501, ko da RDS-1, narkar da Amurka kenkenewa a kan makaman nukiliya.

A atomic bam. 1945 th

Tun da sassafe na Yuli 16, "The Manhattan Project" ya ta farko nasara gwajin na wani atomic na'urar - a plutonium bam - a shafin Alamogordo Amurka Jihar New Mexico.

Kudi kashe a cikin aikin, an ɓatar na dũkiya. A farko a tarihin 'yan adam atomic fashewa da aka sanya 5 hours da minti 30 da safe.

"Mun yi aikin shaidan," - ya ce daga baya Robert Oppenheimer - wanda ƙirƙira da atomic bam a Amurka, daga baya ake kira da "uban atomic bam."

Japan bai mika wuya

By lokacin da karshe da nasara gwaji na atomic bam, Soviet sojojin da kawayenta karshe ci Nazi Jamus. Duk da haka, shi ya kasance guda jihar, wanda ta yi alkawarin yaki domin dominance a cikin Pacific. Daga tsakiyar watan Afrilu zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuli na shekarar 1945, da Japan sojojin da aka akai-akai da za'ayi iska buga da m sojojin, haka haddasa nauyi asarar da na US Army. A karshen Yuli 1945 militaristic Japan gwamnatin ƙaryata da bukatar na Allied sallama daidai da Potsdam jawabi. A da shi, musamman, shi ya bayyana cewa, a cikin hali na rashin biyayya, da Japan da sojojin jiran wani m da darkãkẽwa.

shugaban ya amince da

Gwamnatin {asar Amirka ya kiyaye maganarsa da kuma farkon harin bom niyya da Japan soja matsayi. Air buga ba su kawo da ake so sakamakon, kuma shugaban kasar Amurka Garri Trumen yanke shawarar da mamayewa na sojojin Amurka a Japan. Duk da haka, da soja umurnin hana ta shugaba daga irin wannan hukunci, ambatawa da cewa da American mamayewa zai haifar da manyan yawan wadanda ke fama.

A ba da shawara na Genri Lyuisa L. Stimson da Dwight David Eisenhower aka yanke shawarar ya dauko wani mafi tasiri hanyar kawo karshen yaki. A babban goyon bayan da atomic bam, shugaban na Amurka Sakataren Dzheyms Frensis Birns, imani da cewa harin bom na Japan ƙasa tabbatacce kawo karshen yaki da kuma sa Amurka, a wani rinjaye matsayi, wanda yana da kyau tasiri a cikin m Hakika na postwar duniya events. Saboda haka, shugaban kasar Amurka Garri Trumena gamsu da cewa wannan shi ne kawai daidai zaɓi.

A atomic bam. Hiroshima

Kamar yadda na farko manufa da aka zaba a kananan Japan birnin Hiroshima da wani yawan kawai a kan 350 dubu mutane, located cikin ɗari biyar mil daga babban birnin kasar na Japan Tokyo. Bayan isa a Amurka tushe na sojan ruwa a tsibirin Tinian modified B-29 m "Enola Gay", da atomic bam da aka shigar a kan jirgin ba. Hiroshima da sha da mataki na 9 dubu fam na uranium-235.

Wannan mini ne ba a sani ba makamin da aka yi nufi ga fararen hula a cikin kananan Japan gari. M kwamandan ya Kanar Pol Uorfild Tibbets Jr. Amurka atomic bam ya na da wani cynical sunan "The Kid". A safiyar ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1945, game da 8 hours da minti 15, da American "Little Boy" da aka kika aika a Japan Hiroshima. Game da dubu 15 da ton na TNT hallaka dukan rai a cikin radius na biyar square miles. Daya ɗari da arba'in da dubu mazaunan aka kashe a wani al'amari na seconds. Tsira da Japan ya mutu mutuwar akuba daga radiation cuta.

Su halakar da American nukiliya "The Kid." Duk da haka, da devastation na Hiroshima ba sa nan da nan sallama na Japan, kamar wannan, duk ran. Sa'an nan aka yanke shawarar wani bombardment na Japan ƙasa.

Nagasaki. Sky a kan wuta

American atomic bam "Fat Man" da aka shigar a kan jirgin B-29 9 Agusta 1945 duk a cikin wannan wuri, a Amurka tushe na sojan ruwa a Tinian. A wannan lokaci, da jirgin sama kwamandan ya Major Charlz Suini. Da farko, da dabarun manufa ita ce birnin Kokura.

Duk da haka, da yanayi ba da damar gane mu tsare-tsaren, ya hana manyan girgije. Charlz Suini tafi zagaye na biyu. A 11 Wajen ƙarfe 02 minutes American nukiliya "Fat Man" lõma da Nagasaki. Ya fi iko hallakaswa iska hari, wanda ta da ƙarfi ne da dama fiye da sau harin bom na Hiroshima. Nagasaki samu atomic makami game da 10 dubu fam da kuma 22 kilotons na TNT.

A Gwargwadon wuri na Japan birni rage da ana tsammanin sakamako. The abu ne cewa, birnin da aka located a ƙunƙuntaccen kwarin tsakanin duwatsu. Saboda haka, da lalata 2.6 square miles bai bayyana duk yiwu m na American makamai. A gwajin da atomic bam a Nagasaki an dauki kasa "Manhattan Project."

Japan mika wuya

A tsakar rana a kan Agusta 15, 1945 Sarkin sarakuna Hirohito ya sanar da kasar sallama a rediyo adireshin da mutane na Japan. A labarai da sauri yada ta hanyar duniya. A {asar Amirka ta fara bikin na nasara kan Japan. Jama'a suka yi murna.

Satumba 2, 1945 a kan Amurka jirgin ruwa na soja "Missouri", anchored a Tokyo Bay, sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya m kawo karshen yaki. Kamar wancan ƙare mafi m da kuma mummunan yaki a tarihin dan Adam.

al'ummomin kasa da kasa dogon shida shekaru tafi da wannan gagarumin kwanan wata - daga 1 Satumba 1939, a lokacin da na farko Shots da aka kora daga Nazi Jamus a Poland.

atoms for Peace

Duk a cikin Tarayyar Soviet 124 nukiliya fashewar da aka za'ayi. A halayyar shi ne cewa su aka za'ayi domin amfanin kasa da tattalin arziki. Uku kawai daga gare su sun kasance hatsarori da cewa sa a yayyo na rediyoaktif abubuwa. Shirin ga yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya cikin lumana aiwatar kawai a kasashen biyu - Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet. Makamashin nukiliya cikin lumana sani da misalai na duniya bala'i, a lokacin da a kan Afrilu 26 1986 , a karo na hudu naúrar na nuclear nukiliya reactor fashewa ya faru.