Tantancewar gilashin da convex-concave saman: yi, amfani. Lens, girmamãwa gilashi

Tantancewar gilashi - shi ne musamman sanya m gilashi, wadda ake amfani da matsayin sassa na Tantancewar na'urorin. Ya bambanta daga cikin saba tsarki da kuma nuna gaskiya, uniformity da colorless. Yana kuma tsananin rationed watsawa da kuma Refractive iko. Yarda da irin wannan bukatun qara mawuyaci da kudin na samarwa.

labarin

Za ka iya samun misalai da dama na cikin gida da amfani da ruwan tabarau, kamar wata girman siffar gilashi - talakawa girman siffar gilashi - yana taimaka wajen haifar da kananan tsinkaya daga talakawa smart phone, amma na gani da tabarau kasance ba haka ba da dadewa.

The ruwan tabarau da aka sani tun zamanin da, amma na farko tsanani ƙoƙari ƙirƙirar taga cewa shi ne kama da amfani a zamani na'urorin, za a iya dangana ga XVII karni. Saboda haka, Jamus sunadarai Kunkel a daya daga cikin ayyukansa da aka ambata phosphoric acid da kuma boric acid a cikin gilashin bangaren. Ya kuma yi magana da borosilicate kambi, wanda shi ne kusa da wasu zamani da kayayyakin abun da ke ciki. Wannan za a iya kira na farko nasara kwarewa a yi na gilas, da wasu na gani dũkiyõyinsu, da wata isa mataki na zahiri da kuma sinadaran homogeneity.

a masana'antu

Yi na Tantancewar gilashi a kan wani m sikelin fara a farkon XIX karni. Swiss Gian tare da tare da Fraunhofer gabatar a daya daga cikin masana'antu a Bavaria mun gwada da barga hanya domin samar da irin wannan gilashi. Nasarar liyafar da aka narke hadawa ta amfani da madauwari motsi tsaye nutsa cikin lãka gilashin sanda. A sakamakon haka, shi yiwuwa a samu wani Tantancewar gilashin m quality, tare da diamita na 250 mm.

zamani samarwa

A cikin shirye-shiryen da canza launin Tantancewar gilashin amfani da ƙari kayan da tagulla, selenium, zinariya, da azurfa da sauran karafa. Cooking zo daga tsari. An ɗora Kwatancen cikin fireproof tukwane, wanda, bi da bi, da aka sanya a cikin wani gilashi narkewa gagarumar wuta. A cajin abun da ke ciki na iya hada har zuwa 40% na sharar gilashi, lamari ne mai muhimmanci da cewa abun da ke ciki na gilashi cullet da kuma dafa abinci. Glass narke a lokacin dafa ci gaba da zuga da spatula sanya na tukwane ko platinum. Kamar wancan ne aka cimma a yi kama jihar.

Lokaci-lokaci, da narke aka dauka zuwa fitina, da ingancin ne sarrafawa. An muhimmanci mataki ne cikin ruwan bleaching: a cikin gilashin daga clarifiers abu mai ban mamaki kara da abun da ke ciki na cajin, yana farawa selection adadin gas. Forms manyan kumfa cewa tashi da sauri, grabbing a lokaci guda karami kumfa babu makawa kafa a lokacin dafa abinci tsari.

A ƙarshe, da tukwane ana cirewa daga matoya sa'an nan cools sannu a hankali. Sanyaya, jinkirin da dabaru na musamman, na iya wuce har zuwa kwana takwas. Ya kamata a uniform, ko za a iya kafa a cikin taro na inji gajiyan cewa sa fasa.

Properties

Tantancewar gilashi - wani abu domin samar da ruwan tabarau. Su, bi da bi, an raba da irin a cikin tattara da kuma dispersing. Tattara tana nufin biconvex da plano-convex ruwan tabarau da kuma wani concave-convex, Bears sunan "m meniscus".

A Tantancewar gilashin yana da yawan halaye:

• Refractive index ne m da biyu na Lines, wanda ake kira sodium doublet.
• da talakawan sãɓã wa jũna, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin bambanci tsakanin Refractive index na ja da blue Lines na bakan;
• watsawa factor - da lambar da aka ba da rabo daga cikin talakawan watsawa da kuma Refractive index.

Masu launin Tantancewar gilashin da ake amfani wajen samar da sha tacewa. Dangane da kayan, akwai uku main iri Tantancewar gilashin:

• inorganic.
• Plexiglas (kwayoyin).
• ma'adinai da kuma Organic.

A abun da ke ciki na inorganic gilashi hada oxides da fluorides. Fused Tantancewar gilashi kuma da dangantaka da inorganic (sinadaran da dabara Sio _2). Ma'adini yana da wani low Refractive index da kuma high index of haske watsa, shi ne halin da juriya ga zafi. Wide nuna gaskiya zangon za a iya amfani da zamani sadarwa (fiber na gani na USB, da dai sauransu), kamar yadda silicate gilashin ne ba makawa a yi na Tantancewar ruwan tabarau, misali, yin girman siffar gilashi na ma'adini.

A kan tushen da silicon

M silica gilashi na iya zama duka na gani, kuma fasaha. Tantancewar kerarre da dab dutse crystal, kawai sai ya samu cikakken kama tsarin. A opaque tabarau da alhakin launi na kananan gas kumfa a cikin littattafai.

Bugu da kari ga silica gilashin samar a kan wani silicon tushe da kuma abin da ake kira silicon gilashi, wanda, duk da irin wannan tushe na daban-daban na gani Properties. A silicon abubuwa iya diffract X-haskoki da infrared radiation auku.

plexiglass

A ake kira acrylic gilashin dogara ne a kan wani roba polymer abu. Wannan m da m abu ne mai thermoplastic kuma sau da yawa yana amfani da wani canji ga ma'adini gilashi. Plexiglas resistant zuwa yawa muhalli dalilai kamar zafi da kuma low zafin jiki, amma yana da yawa softer kuma haka mafi saukin kamuwa zuwa inji danniya. Saboda softness kwayoyin Tantancewar gilashin kawai a cikin aiki - shi zai iya "kai" har ma da sauki kayayyakin aiki, don yankan karfe.

Wannan abu ne daidai dace domin Laser jiyya, shi ne mai sauki don amfani mai juna ko engraving. A matsayin ruwan tabarau, ya daidai nuna infrared haskoki amma watsa riskar hasken ultraviolet da X-haskoki.

aikace-aikace

Tantancewar gilashin ne yadu used for samar da ruwan tabarau, wanda, bi da bi, ana amfani da dama na gani tsarin. Single tattara ruwan tabarau amfani da wani girman siffar gilashi. The m ruwan tabarau ne wani muhimmin ɓangare na farko ko tsarin irin binopkulari, scopes, microscopes, theodolites, nesa, kyamarori da kuma kayan aiki.

Daidai da muhimmanci ne Tantancewar gilashin da bukatun ophthalmology, saboda ba tare da su wuya ko ba zai yiwu ba ga gyara da shortcomings na gani (myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia, tashin hankali na masauki da kuma sauran cututtuka). Eyeglass da diopters za a iya sanya ko dai daga ma'adini gilashi, da kuma na high quality roba.

ilmin taurari

Tantancewar tabarau ne mai muhimmanci da kuma mafi tsada bangaren na wani kawo nesa kusa. Mutane da yawa magoya kansu tattara refractors, wannan na bukatar kadan, amma abu mafi muhimmanci - plano gilashin ruwan tabarau.

A farkon karni na karshe su sa daya iko astronomical ruwan tabarau, kuma mafi daidai a kan ta goge, da shi zai iya daukar shekaru da dama. Alal misali, a 1982, ga miliyoniya Charles Yerkes juya shugaban Jami'ar Chicago Vilyam Harper tambayar kudi Observatory. Yerkes sa a cikin shi game da dala dubu xari uku, da kuma dubu arba'in da aka kashe a kan sayan ruwan tabarau ga mafi iko a lokacin da kawo nesa kusa a duniya. Observatory aka mai suna bayan da kudaden Yerkes, kuma ya zuwa yanzu wannan refractor ruwan tabarau tare da diamita na 102 cm yana dauke da most a duniya.

Nesa da manyan diamita ne reflectors, akwai wani haske-girbi madubi kashi.

Akwai wani irin ruwan tabarau amfani da ilmin taurari, da kuma a ophthalmology - gilashin da convex-concave saman, wanda ake ce da meniscus. Yana iya zama na biyu iri: da watsi da taro. A watsi meniscus baki rabo thicker cibiyar da kuma sirara a cikin tarin ne babban juzu'in tsakiya.