Venezuela ta tattalin arzikin: Siffar da kuma ci gaban

Venezuela - daya daga cikin mafi girma a jihohi a Kudu Amurka nahiyar. Ya kunshi dama tsibiran a cikin Caribbean Sea, da most of wanda ake kira Margarita. Kasar yanki na 916 sq. M. km iyaka da Brazil da kuma Colombia. A farkon shekara ta 2017 da yawan jama'a da aka kawai 31 da mutane miliyan.

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na tarayyar jagorancin shugaban kasar Nicolas Maduro, 21 sandarka. Dalili na yawan Venezuelans (jikokin na Indiyawan Daji da Spain) - 67% na Turawa - 21% na baƙar fata - 10%.

Sauyin yanayi da kuma yanayi

A tsakiyar ɓangare ne low bayyana yanki zuwa wani kogi Orinoco. Daga arewa zuwa yamma stretch Caribbean Andes dutse range Cordillera de Merida, a kudu-maso-gabas na Gvinskogo falalen tudu.

A sauyin yanayi ne dumi sub-Equatorial. Mafi yawa daga cikin shekara arewacin kasar shan wahala daga fari, yayin da a cikin tsakiyar yankunan na m ruwa yanayi.

A tsirin cover ne mai arziki da bambance bambancen: mangoro, xerophytic, succulent Woodlands, bushe Savannah tsayi, deciduous wurare masu zafi da gandun daji, da dai sauransu ... Gilea

A ci gaba da Venezuelan tattalin arzikin

'Yan mutane san cewa bayyana kasar a Latin America - na farko mai m. A XVI karni na farko ganga na baki zinariya ya haye rabin duniya a kan hanyar zuwa Madrid. A XVII-XVIII ƙarni, babban fitarwa abubuwa sun Indigo da kuma sukari, kadan daga baya - koko da kuma kofi. A 1922, kusa da Lake Maracaibo Cabimas a kauyen daya daga cikin mafi girma a filayen man fetur da aka samu, wanda alama farkon na man fetur ya kuma Ya sanya munanan canje-canje a cikin Venezuelan tattalin arzikin.

Location filayen a kusa da kusanci zuwa teku, low misali na rai (cheap aiki) da kuma babban m rijiyoyin tsokani wani aiki ban sha'awa a cikin kamfanonin mai. A lokacin da shekaru na yakin duniya na biyu da aka samu da kuma sa a cikin aiki da sabon filayen, a 'yan shekaru baya da suka kai a total yanki na 68 dubu sq. M. km.

A cikin ƙananan kai na da Orinoco River ta most tama adibas aka gano, ci gaban da aka nan da nan intercepted by Amurka monopolies. Kamar yadda na 1970 da girma na kasashen waje da zuba jari a cikin tattalin arzikin na Venezuela ta ci gaba da aka $ 5.5 biliyan. 11% na ce Naira Miliyan Xari mallakar Amurka.

Daga 1975-1980 ya. Jihar shagaltar da wani abu matsayi a kan ci gaban tattalin arziki a Latin Amurka. Rayayye fara wajen samar da ababen more rayuwa.

Muhimmanci mataki a kan hanyar zuwa 'yancin kai da kuma mulkin kasar, shi ne nationalization na man fetur da kuma tama masana'antu. Harsãshin gini ga Venezuelan tattalin arzikin yanzu kwance cikakken jihar iko. A mafi masana'antu, da kamfanonin kasashen waje da aka gayyace mu sallama 80% gungumen azaba, a kasar 'yan kasa ga shekaru uku.

Shigo da kuma Export

Masana sun ce cewa 50% na Venezuela ta tattalin arzikin - shi ne waje cinikayya. Zaki ya share na tallace-tallace lissafta ga man fetur da kuma related kayayyakin, Karafa bukatar. A cikin jerin don fitarwa - kofi, koko, asbestos, da zinariya, sugar, ayaba, da shinkafa, da boyewa, da shanu, da gandun daji.

Fifiko shigo - high-tech kayan aiki, motocin da aka gyara da kuma albarkatun kasa domin mai, masana'antu kayayyakin da janar amfani. kara abinci shigo da kowace shekara, t. Don. Agriculture ne a ƙi, kuma da ikon saduwa da bukatun al'ummar jihar. Mafi yawa daga cikin kudin na sayayya lissafta ga Amurka - fiye da biliyan 3.5 daloli a shekara.

ciro masana'antu

Babban kayayyakin na karafa masana'antu - tama. A manyan filayen El Pao, San Ysidro da Cerro Bolivar m cirewa bude hanyar da ta ƙunshi har zuwa 70% na baƙin ƙarfe. Shekara-shekara da ya samar ne 15-17 ton miliyan, 90% na wanda aka fitar dashi a Amurka da Turai.

A fannin Upaty (Guiana tsaunuka) mined manganese tama. A Caribbean Andes adadi kaɗan na nickel hakar ne da za'ayi, gubar, tutiya, asbestos, da azurfa. A wani kewayen birni yankin na San Cristobal ɓullo da phosphorite tama.

Gold hakar ma'adinai da aka gudanar a El Callao. Ga aka rayayye samun lokacinta lu'u-lu'u samarwa (700-800 dubu carats a kowace shekara). A Kuchivero tasa aka gano a manyan ajiya na gemstone da lu'u-lu'u tare da wani zazzabi. Don da yawa shekaru Venezuela na da most lu'u-lu'u maroki matsayinsa a tsakanin asashen Kudancin Amirka.

masana'antu

A cewar janar bayanai a kan Venezuelan tattalin arzikin har 2013. matatun mai, sinadaran da na'ura-ginin masana'antar shi ne bunkasa cikin sauri. Duk da haka, fiye da 50% na babban tamanin da samfurin ya bada yadi, da abinci, da na itace, da fata da kuma takalma masana'antu.

Development daga cikin mafi girma da Karafa adibas ya ba wani impetus ga ci gaban da metallurgical masana'antu. A cikin ƙasa, da dama, shuke-shuke da cikakken sake zagayowar da kuma yankin lantarki Tanderu, aluminum shuke-shuke, da sauransu. D.

samarwa

A zuciya na ci gaba da aikin injiniyan inji na mota taro masana'antu. Venezuela ta tattalin arzikin za a iya taƙaice bayyana a matsayin samun goyon bayan shuke-shuke da samar da kayan aiki ga aikin noma, tractors, yi kayan aiki, kayan aiki da sauransu. D. Developing kamfanonin da yi na talabijin da kuma radiyo kayan aiki. A manyan gine-gine a karafa, da kuma man masana'antu masana'antu stimulates halittar masana'antu shafukan domin samar da kayan gini.

dabbobi

Kiwo dabbõbi da 55% ma'anar darajar noma. A gonaki sun mayar da hankali a Llanos.

da kiwo yanki - kwarin Caracas, da daruna na Valencia da kuma Maracaibo. A cikin wadannan yankunan tsuntsu haraji samar da birni da qwai da nama. M Caribbean Coast (State of Lara), shahara ga mafi girma a goat da tumaki gonaki. A cikin shekaru 15 da shekaru, da ikon yinsa, daga dabbobin ni'ima muhimmanci fice idan aka kwatanta da amfanin gona. Karuwan taro sulusi da murabba'i na manyan gonaki da cewa amfani da hanyoyin zamani na namo da kuma dabbobi kulawa.

Kiwon kifi ci gaba a arewacin kasar (da bakin tekun na Venezuela, Maracaibo lake). Tasiri a kan tattalin arzikin kasar Venezuela a yau da damisa, jatan lande - mafi daraja da kuma girmama ta gourmets samfurin.

Forest crafts ba su bai wa mai yawa da muhimmanci. Workpiece tannins, vanilla, guayabovoy guduro kuma roba amfani da perfumery da pharmacology, da za'ayi a cikin kadan yawa.

Furfure

Jihar tana da rikodin ga Latin America da yawan arable ƙasar. Sarrafa kawai na uku daga cikinsu. A cewar 'yan rahotanni da Venezuelan tattalin arzikin amfanin gona yana dauke da mafi baya kansu.

45% na darajar kayayyakin gona ba aikin noma. 2/3 na arable ƙasar sun mayar da hankali a arewa. A Llanos amfanin gona ci gaba tare da kogin kuma a kafar da Andes. Matsalar yankin - mai tsanani fari. Don warware matsalar, da gwamnatin ta ɓullo da wani shiri na kafa ruwa management domin na gaba 30 shekaru da gina dams da kuma ban ruwa tsarin kungiyar zuwa miliyan 2 kadada.

Biyar daga cikin sarari shagaltar da ta babban fitarwa amfanin gona - koko da kuma kofi. Albarkatun kasa don m shakatawa abin sha tsiro a cikin duwatsu jihohin na arewa maso yammacin. Albarkatun kasa ga masu rinjaye na cakulan a duniya da yake faruwa a cikin jihohin da Caribbean. A Llanos auduga amfanin gona girma a karshe 8-10 shekaru, da kuma taba sisal.

kai

A kan ƙasa na Venezuela nufin sadarwa suna rarraba unevenly. Matsakaicin taro na hanyoyi da Railways - a arewa. A karshen ne takaice, unconnected line tsawon 1.4 dubu. Km. Fasinja kuma ¾ sufurin kaya daga hanya.

Orinoco River - babban ciki waterway, shipping zirga-zirga da aka kiyaye a kan tabkuna Maracaibo da Valencia. A rashin kuma matalauta ingancin ƙasar layukan dogo cika cabotage da teku. Sikelin da teku m jiragen ruwa shi ne daya daga uku na shugabannin Latin Amurka. Domin fitarwa na danyen man fetur da kuma related kayayyakin suna sanye take da 23 tashoshin jiragen ruwa, domin fitarwa da kuma shigo da wasu kayayyakin - ko da 8.

Na musamman muhimmancin ga tattalin arzikin kasar Venezuela yana da iska links to m kudanci da gabashin yankunan. Regular kamfanonin jiragen sama connect da babban birnin kasar tare da manyan birane, filayen man fetur da kuma hakar ma'adinai cibiyoyin.

rikicin tattalin arzikin

2013th ya zama m shekara domin Venezuelan tattalin arzikin. A rikicin ya shafa duk duniyoyin da jama'a rayuwa. By tsoho ceto kawai high farashin ga babban fitarwa kayayyaki - man fetur. Tun da farko wannan shekara, kafin zuwan da Maduro kasar ta jama'a bashi amounted zuwa 70% na GDP, yayin da kasafin kudin gaira na 14%. A karshen 2013th kumbura ya 56,3%. A wannan halin da ake ciki, majalisar ba da sabon shugaban kasar ta gaggawa iko. Don sadu da tsammanin na miliyoyin masu jefa} uri'a, da lamuni ta sanar da wani tattalin arziki m, a cikin abin da aka gabatar a iyaka a kan ribar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu 30%. A kasar akwai wani m karancin muhimmanci kayayyaki - sugar, man shanu, bayan gida takarda. Jami'an gwamnati sun hada baki ya bayyana cewa, dalilin da auka daga cikin Venezuelan tattalin arzikin cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma hasashe ɓarna da gangan da gudana kudi yaki da jihar. Maduro ya bullo da wani shirin zuwa su yi yaƙi da hasashe. Bayan wata guda, na sabon ciniki sabis Daka cibiyar sadarwa da aka nationalized. Domin kafa ribace-ribace a kan kayayyakin a 100% maimakon na halatta 30% na dukiya da kuma gudanar da manyan kantunan da aka kama.

2015: fall a man farashin

A 2014, Venezuelan tattalin arzikin, wanda ya yi nasarar mayar da su cikin gefen fita daga cikin rikicin, ya girgiza wani duka. Duniya man farashin sun sharply ki. A kwatanta da shekara ta gabata, samun kudin shiga daga black zinariya fitarwa ya ragu da 1/3. A wani kokarin rage kasafin kudin gaira na babban bankin al'amurran da suka shafi da ya fi tsayi takardar kudi, sakamakon hauhawar farashin kaya na 150% (hukuma data kamar yadda na Satumba 2015). Shan wani ƙoƙari na dakile hauhawar farashin kaya, gwamnatin yana bunkasa hadadden tsari na kasashen waje musayar. Riga a mako daga baya da hukuma dollar musayar kudi ya wuce kasuwa fiye da 100 sau. Manne da akida na Chavismo, da majalisar dokokin kasar a karkashin jagorancin shugaban kasa iyakance da farashin abinci fiye da ƙawãta jimlar gaira na da muhimmanci kayayyaki.

2016: halin da ake ciki an samun mafi muni

A watan Janairu, da bar Socialist Luis Salas aka nada shugaban ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki. Don dace da sauran 'yan administrative na'ura Maduro hukuma ganin dalilin da matsaloli na Venezuela ta tattalin arziki a kan mãkirci, da Turai ta kudi yaki da kasarsa.

A cewar IMF kimomi, a shekara ta 2016 da GDP fall na gabatowa 20%, skyrocketing rashin aikin yi - 25%, da kasafin kudin gaira ne 18% na GDP. Kumbura na 550% a total waje bashi na fiye da $ 130 biliyan kowace rana turawa da Venezuelan tattalin arzikin zuwa tsoho.

Banknote mafi girma falalan - 100 bolivars daraja 17 US aninai. Hyperinflation negates sayen ikon 'yan ƙasa. Bisa ga na gida Center for takardun da Analysis (Cendas) asali abinci kwandon ga wani iyali ne da daraja sau takwas da albashi.

A zamanin yau: Sanadin da rikicin

Babban abubuwan da tsokane tattalin arziki rashin jituwa, ne tsarin da siyasa harsãshensa, musamman, da dogaro a kan shigo da, da kaifi drop a duniya farashin man, da kuma total jihar iko a kan yi da kuma rarraba kayayyakin abinci.

Saboda da worsening tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki a Venezuela a farkon shekara ta 2017 da kuma kiyawar da shugaba Maduro ya rike wani raba gardama a kan gyara ga siyasa Hakika na jihar sun kasance zanga-zangar a cikin manyan birane. Fiye da miliyan 'yan asalin m ayyuka na hukuma ya dauki zuwa cikin gari tituna da bukatun na Stores kawo muhimman kayayyaki - gari, qwai, madara da kuma magunguna.

A 'yan adawa ya zargi a zaben shugaban kasa a cikin bin anti-zamantakewa dokokin da fir'auna Ugo Chavesa, wanda ya kai ga rikici mai zurfi cewa ya dada tabarbare raguwar farashin mai. Bi da bi, Nicolas Maduro ya zargi kasar aristocracy a kaurace wa tattalin arzikin domin cimma burin m hanyoyi.