A takamaiman nauyi na karfe. Specific zafin karfe

An dauke gami da na baƙin ƙarfe da sauran sinadaran mahadi. Daga cikin abubuwan da abun da ke ciki, carbon ne ba a wani adadin 2.14%. Saboda da kasancewar baƙin ƙarfe gami samu da ƙarfi. A takamaiman nauyi na karfe ne 75500-77500 N / m. wani lokacin alloying abubuwa iya zama ba a cikin gami abun da ke ciki. Specific zafin karfe at 20 ° C auna a 460 J / (kg * ° C), ko 110 kirawo / (kg * ° C).

rarrabuwa

Akwai daban-daban sigogi a karkashin abin da kaya a tambaya ne halin. Alal misali, karfe ne kayan aiki da kuma tsarin. High-gudun gami da aka dauke su a irin kayan aiki. Akwai kuma bambance-bambance a daidai da sinadaran abun da ke ciki. Dangane da abin da abubuwa ne da suke cikin gami, kuma carbon doped rabu. Kuma karbi rarrabuwa matakin na carbon taro. Saboda haka, akwai iri uku gami:

1. Low carbon. Yana carbon abun ciki na 0.25%.

2. Karfe Medium. Wannan carbon gami da game da 0.25-0.6%.

3. High carbon karfe. A wannan gami shi ne ba na domin na 0.6-2% carbon.

Hakazalika classified da kuma gami karfe na kashi na alloying abubuwa:

1. A low gami karfe ƙunshi har zuwa 4%.

2. srednelegirovannoj gami shi ne gabatar up to 11%.

3. High alloyed karfe. Ya ƙunshi fiye da 11%.

Karfe samar da hanyoyin daban-daban da kuma yin amfani da musamman fasahar. Dangane da wani musamman hanya a cikin gami abun da ke ciki ya kunshi daban-daban ƙarfe inclusions. Wannan bangaren rinjayar da musamman nauyi na karfe. Kassa gami a kan yawan impurities suke da daraja:

1. talakawa ingancin Mixes.

2. Quality.

3. High-quality.

4. Na musamman quality.

Akwai kuma rarrabuwa daidai da tsarin abun da ke ciki na kayan. Alal misali, samar ferrite, bainite, austenite, pearlite da Martensitic gami. Lalle, tsarin abun da ke ciki na karfe rinjayar da musamman nauyi. Gami ma ya kasu kashi biyu-lokaci da kuma multiphase. Yana dogara a kan kasancewar wani lokaci tsarin. Har ila yau, gami suna classified bisa ga hali da har na solidification na deoxidation. Saboda haka, akwai wani shiru, Semi-kashe karfe da kuma tafasar.

Production hanyoyin sun zama

A raw kayayyakin amfani na samar da simintin karfe. A gaban mai yawa na carbon, phosphorus da sulfur a cikin abun da ke ciki da ke sa shi gaggautsa da kuma m. Ga masu aiki da daya abu zuwa wani zama dole don rage abun ciki daga cikin wadannan abubuwa da ake so taro. A lokaci guda canji da kuma takamaiman nauyi na karfe, da kuma da kaddarorin. Daya ko wasu gami samar da hanya ya shafi daban-daban hanyoyin da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na carbon a cikin baƙin ƙarfe. Da aka fi amfani:

1. Open-hearth Hanyar steelmaking. Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan wani zaɓi ya kwanan nan mugun a gasar tare da wasu hanyoyin.

2. A Converter Hanyar. Yau, mafi iri karfe kayayyakin samar da amfani da wannan fasaha.

3. An electrothermal - daya daga cikin mafi m fasaha da hanyoyin samar da karfe. A sakamakon haka, da kayan samar yana da matukar high quality.

wani Converter Hanyar

Amfani da wannan fasaha tsari, da suka wuce haddi baƙin ƙarfe, phosphorus da sulfur da aka oxidized tare da oxygen. Aiwatar da hurawa matsa zubi abu ta hanyar wani na musamman gagarumar wuta. ta kira Converter. A makera yana cikin siffar wani pear. A ciki part - rufi tare da tsaurin tubalin. Wannan gagarumar wuta yana da babban motsi: za a iya juya su 360 digiri. Da damar da Converter game da 60 ton. Amfani ga rufi, yawanci iri biyu raw kayan:

1. Dinas - shi ya hada SiO2, wanda yana da acidic Properties.

2. Dolomite nauyi - MgO da Cao. Yana da aka samu daga dolomitic abu MgCO3 * CaCO3, da ciwon asali Properties.

Saboda daban-daban kayan ga shafi kasu kashi da mayar makera da kuma Thomas Bessemer. Kafararsa da iska a karkashin matsin daga karfe rufe dukkan yankin. Ya kamata a lura da cewa matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin tanderu, da duration na ba fiye da minti 20. Duration daga cikin kayan a Converter rinjayar da zafi damar da karfe. A gami wanda aka samar a cikin Converter Tanderu, sau da yawa ya ƙunshi manyan yawa na baƙin ƙarfe monoxide. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa abu ne sau da yawa matalauta ingancin da aka samu.

Open-hearth makera

Wannan Hanyar sarrafa baƙin ƙarfe rabu amfani. Lalle, a lokacin da yin amfani da mahara da baya da baya aiki da fasahar a rage muhimmanci ingancin littattafai, da canza da halaye (zafi damar karfe da sauransu). Hearth makera ne babban zubi wanka. An rufe baka yi na tsaurin tubalin da recuperators-bẽnãye. Wadannan compartments aka tsara don dumama man fetur da iskar gas da kuma iska. Suna cike da shiryawa da tubalin (tsaurin). A kwarara daga zafi gas da kuma iska a cikin ƙaho cikin ɓuyar ta uku da ta huɗu recuperators. A farko da na biyu halin da ake ciki mai tsanani da wutar makera gas. Bayan wani isasshen zafin jiki karuwa a cikin dukan tsari ne juyawa.

electrothermal hanyar

Wannan hanya yana da abũbuwan amfãni a kan bude-hearth da Converter. Electromechanical Hanyar sa ya yiwu a canza da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na da sakamakon karfe. A wannan tsari da cakuda da aka samu bayan aiki na ƙwarai high quality. Saboda da dama mai iyaka na iska a cikin wutar lantarki makera rage-rage yawan baƙin ƙarfe monoxide. Ya aka sani da impurities ƙazantar da karfe. Kuma wannan, bi da bi, yana da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan ta quality. A makera zafin jiki ba ya sauke kasa 2000 ° C. Saboda haka, abin gurɓatawa kamar sulfur da phosphorus, an cire gaba daya daga alade baƙin ƙarfe.

hanyar kiln

Electrothermal makera saboda ta high zafin jiki gami steels damar via tsaurin karafa. Wadannan sun hada da, musamman, tungsten da molybdenum. EAF Hanyar damar samun high quality-mix: takamaiman zafin karfe, kazalika da inganci siffofin - a matakin qarshe. Amma abin takaici, wadannan Tanderu cinye yawa lantarki da makamashi (har zuwa 800 kWh da ton na abinci). Electric damar iya Range daga 500 kg 360 tons. A raka'a amfani da al'ada rufi. A tsarin da cajin iya isa 90% na ya da baƙin ƙarfe, da 10% na baƙin ƙarfe. Wani lokaci feedstock rabbai iya zama daban-daban. Lemun tsami, wanda aka kara wa cajin, taka rawar da juyi. Babban sunadarai matakai a lantarki baka Tanderu ne ba musamman daban-daban daga bude hearth.

takamaiman nauyi

Ikon mita igiyoyin ne da za'ayi shigar da dumama na karfe. Saboda da manyan taro na da zuciyar irin wannan tasiri ne quite isa. Domin dab karfe yin la'akari har zuwa 100 ton isasshen halin yanzu mita na 50 Hz. Dole ne in ce cewa wasu daga cikin sigogi for daban-daban na raw kayan iya daidaita. Alal misali, lalata, zafi resistant da rabo bakin karfe da 7.9 g / cm ^3. Wannan nuna alama ne kai tsaye alaka da nauyi na ƙãre samfurin fitarwa. Wannan shi ne abin da shi ne, da samfurin ne saboda haka mutum. A galvanized karfe rabo ma game da 7.9 g / cm ^3. Akwai iya zama da kadan bambanci dangane da irin. Amma da takamaiman nauyi na karfe takardar - 7,85 g / cm ^3. Kamar yadda za a iya gani, da kudi ne dan kadan m, Saboda haka abu sauki. Yana dole ne a zaci cewa takamaiman nauyi na baƙin ƙarfe ne da karfe ne daban-daban. A gami a fitarwa kudi ne mafi girma a matsayin mulkin. Wannan shi ne sun fi mayar saboda gaskiyar cewa a lokacin aiki, duk da cewa wasu aka gyara an cire daga albarkatun kasa a cakuda da aka kara ƙarin abubuwa. Bã su da wani tasiri a kan sigogi na fitarwa samfurin. Daban-daban -daban na baƙin ƙarfe da su musamman nauyi (g / ^cm3):

- fari - 7.5 ± 0.2.

- m - 7.1 ± 0.2.

- Ductile - 7.5 ± 0.2.

lissafi

A rabo tsakanin girma daga cikin gami da taro ne halayyar kawai ga wani takamaiman abu. Bugu da kari, shi ne m siga. Amfani da musamman dabara iya sani da yawa daga al'amarin. An kai tsaye alaka da lissafi na musamman nauyi na gami. Ga yadda shi ya dubi.

A takamaiman nauyi na karfe da aka tsara a matsayin dabara γ. Shi ne rabo P - kama jiki nauyi - ga ƙarfi daga cikin fili. Kuma aka lasafta ta yin amfani da wadannan dabara: γ = P / V.

Yana aiki ne kawai a lokacin da ƙarfe ne gaba daya m jihar, wadanda ba porous.

ƙarshe

New fasahar da cewa an yi amfani da manyan masana'antu, ne sosai daban-daban daga wadanda amfani a cikin na farko mataki na ci gaba da masana'antu. Godiya ga zamani kimiyya ci gaba matallopromyshlennost samar da wata babbar yawan bambancin gami. Specific nauyi mahadi shafi zabi na wani takamaiman irin albarkatun kasa da za a yi amfani da Manufacturing. Idan muka dauki uku daban-daban karafa: baƙin ƙarfe, tagulla, da aluminum, na wannan size, - cewa duk za su sami daban-daban nauyi. Saboda haka, zabi wani musamman karfe dole ne a ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi, a tsakanin sauran sigogi, ta musamman nauyi.