Turanci mazauna a Arewacin Amirka. Kasashen - tsohon mazauna na Burtaniya

Akwai su da yawa daban-daban Legends da labaru na digiri na AMINCI na jarumi explorers, tun kafin Columbus ziyarci, a Arewacin Amirka. Daga cikin su sun Sin sufaye, ko kusa 5th karni komai a fili a California, da kuma Spanish, Portuguese, Ailan da mishaneri, kuma matafiya, wai ziyarci babban yankin a cikin 6th, 7th kuma 9th ƙarni. Yankin na Arewacin Amirka ne 24,7 miliyan square ƙafafunsa. km. Wannan arziki ƙasar da aka halitta coveted ganima ga kasashen da dama.

A mafi yawan abin dogara data aka ruwaito daga Norwegian seafarers wanda ya ziyarci babban yankin a cikin 10-14 ƙarni. Amma da shiri na Normans fadi cikin disrepair a cikin 14th karni, da barin wani bayyane burbushi dangane da al'adu dangantaka tsakanin kasashen Turai da Amurka nahiyoyi. A wannan yanayi, North America da aka sake gano a cikin 15th karni. Kafin wasu turawa suka yi ya Burtaniya.

A farko Birtaniya balaguro

A gano Amirka, Birtaniya qaddamar da tafiya Yahaya ingancin (in ba haka ba da sunansa sauti kamar Giovanni Kabboto ko Gabotto) da kuma Sebastian, ɗansa, da suke, tsananin magana, ba 'yan qasar Birtaniya da Italiya a cikin sabis na Ingila. Bayan samu daga sarki biyu caravels, ingancin da aka bukata a sami wani teku hanya manyan zuwa kasar Sin. A fili, a 1497, ya kai tekun na Labrador (inda, ba zato ba tsammani, ya gana da Eskimos), da kuma yiwu Newfoundland, inda ya sadu da fentin da ja ocher Indiyawan.

Saboda haka da aka gudanar taron na farko a cikin 15th karni a Turai tare da "Redskins" a Arewacin Amirka. A 1498 ingancin balaguro isa bakin tekun na babban yankin sake.

A farko m sakamakon wannan gano arziki kifi Shoals kashe bakin tekun na Newfoundland ambata. Entire fleets na kama kifi tasoshin daga Ingila kai a nan, su lambar da aka girma a kowace shekara.

A farkon mulkin mallaka

A mulkin mallaka na North America fara a cikin 17th karni. A wannan lokaci, Birtaniya sun riga fafatawa a gasa, a fuskar na Spain da kuma Faransa, wanda kuma ya nema ya mallakeku wannan nahiyar. Gwamnatin Birtaniya yi imani da cewa Canada ne na halitta Birtaniya dũkiyarku a Amirka, kamar yadda Canada tekun da aka bude balaguro ingancin dogon kafin Faransa. Kokarin dũkiyarku tushe da aka sanya a cikin 16th karni, amma sun kasance m: Burtaniya zinariya da aka taba samu, da noma, yarɓaɓɓe. Kawai a farkon 17th karni kasance na farko da Turanci mallaka. Sun kasance agriculturalists.

Saboda haka, 17 karni ne na farko mataki a cikin mulkin mallaka na ɓangaren duniya.

A farko m English mallaka a Arewacin Amirka a cikin 17th karni

Tsarin jari-hujja a Ingila ɓullo da sun fi mayar da godiya ga nasarar waje cinikayya, kazalika da halittar monopolistic ciniki kamfanoni a cikin mazauna. A saboda wannan dalili, biyu ciniki kamfanin, ya babba wajen da aka kafa: London (Varginskaya ko ta Kudu) da kuma Plymouth (Arewa). Suka shirya via biyan for hannun jari. Ingila Royal charters aka canjawa wuri zuwa wadannan kamfanonin kasa kwance tsakanin 34 da 41 ° arewa latitud, kazalika da Unlimited m. Birtaniya amsa kamar yadda idan wannan ƙasa mallakar ta gwamnati, ba 'yan India.

Virginia

Sir Hemford Gilbert samu na farko shatan authorizing kafuwar yankunan Amirka. Kafin ka fara da zama, ya gudanar da wani exploratory balaguro zuwa Newfoundland, amma ya fado a kan hanyar dawo. Saboda haka, da yancin Gilbert tafi Sir Valteru Reyli, danginsa, a fi so na Sarauniya Elizabeth. Ya a 1584 yanke shawarar kafa wani mallaka zuwa kudu na Chesapeake Bay da kuma girmama "budurwa sarauniya" mai suna ta Virginia (daga Latin Virgo -. Woman). Turanci map of America, haka tsiwirwirinsu wani mallaka. A shekara tafi a nan shi ne wani rukuni na mulkin mallaka zaunar da su a halin yanzu jihar Carolina ta Arewa a kan Roanoke Island. A ƙarshen shekara da suka kõma zuwa ga gida kasar, saboda zaba wuri juya a kira su m ga kiwon lafiya. Daga cikin wadannan natsuwa Yahaya White, da sanannun artist. Ya kawo wani yawa na almara daga rai algoikinov - gida Indiyawan. A rabo daga cikin sauran kungiyar, wanda ya isa a 1587 a Virginia, shi ne ba a sani ba.

Virginia kasuwanci kamfanin a farkon 17th karni, a aikin na halitta na mallaka shawarar Valterom Reyli. Daga wannan kamfani ana sa ran a manyan samun kudin shiga. A da kansa kudi da kamfanin kai mutane suke zamar masa dole ya yi aiki daga ya bi hudu zuwa shekaru biyar.

Sanya ga kafa a 1607 Jamestown mallaka aka zaba, amma da zabi wani mummunan daya. A wurin da aka m, tare da da yawa daga sauro, marshy. Bugu da kari, Birtaniya zarar ya zama abokan 'yan India. Kai samame tare da su, da kuma cutar 'yan watanni sun yi sanadiyar rayukan game da kashi biyu cikin uku na mulkin mallaka.

Rayuwa da aka shirya a kan wani yaki gabãtarwar. Mulkin mallaka sau biyu a rana, da kuma tattara da kuma aika zuwa aiki da tsarin a cikin filin, kowane maraice suka komo, domin abincin rana, da salla a Jamestown. Dzhon Rolf, suka riƙi "gimbiya" Pocahontas, 'yar wani gida tribal shugaban povhatanov, matarsa ya fara girma taba da 1613. Tun daga nan, wannan samfurin ya zama na dogon lokaci mai muhimmanci tushen samun kudin shiga na mulkin mallaka da kuma Virginia Company. Karshe, ta wurin ƙarfafa shige da fice, ba su allotments. A shaye daga Ingila zuwa Amurka, da kudin na hanya ne ma talakawa sami rabo a gare wadda biya gyarawa biya.

Maryland da Virginia

Daga baya, a cikin 1624, lokacin da Virginia (a North America) aka dauke mai sarauta mallaka, kuma ta management wuce a hannun gwamnan nada ta sarki, da wannan sabis ya zama wani irin ƙasar haraji. Karuwan kara shige da fice da matalauci. Saboda haka, idan aka 8 dubu mazaunan, a 1700 su ya riga 70 dubu a 1640 da yawan jama'a na mallaka. A Maryland, da sauran Birtaniya mazauna, kafa a 1634, nan da nan bayan da aka kafa Ubangiji Baltimore ya ba da mulkin mallaka, manyan 'yan kasuwan da planters ƙasa. Modern Amurka ya kiyaye sunayen taswira da kuma sauran mazauna na lokacin a matsayin jihar.

Kuma Maryland, da kuma Virginia qware a samar da taba da kuma, sabili da haka, dauke da dogara a kan shigo da Birtaniya kaya. A manyan plantations daga wadannan mazauna ne babban aiki da karfi da miskini, kawo daga Ingila. "Indentured bayin" kamar yadda suka kira, a ko'ina cikin 17th karni sanya up da girma da baƙi a Maryland da Virginia.

natsuwa

Su aiki sosai da ewa ba, duk da haka, an maye gurbinsu da aiki bawa na baƙar fata, daga farko da rabi na 17th karni zo zuwa kudancin English mazauna a Arewacin Amirka. A farko manyan tsari na su da aka tsĩrar a 1619 a Virginia.

Daga cikin mulkin mallaka a cikin 17th karni, kuma sun kasance free natsuwa. A Arewa Plymouth mallaka tafi "Alhaji Fathers" - English ha] e, wasu daga wanda suka ƙungiyõyin suka gudu addini tsananta a Ingila. A watan Nuwamba, 1620 cikin jirgin tare da Mahajjata komai a fili a kan promontory na Cape Coda. Rabin daga cikinsu ya mutu farko hunturu tun da natsuwa, mafi yawa mazauna birni, iya ba noma ƙasar, ko da farautar ko kifi. Kawai da taimakon Indiyawan, wanda ya koya masu zuwa to girma masara, da sauran ƙarshe tsira da ko da gudanar ya biya bashin da tafiya. Kafa darikar na Plymouth mallaka kira New Plymouth.

Massachusetts

A ha] e, wanda a zamanin da Stuarts maraunana, a 1628 kafa mallaka na Massachusetts, a Arewacin Amirka. Puritan coci da babban iko a cikin mallaka. Local mazaunin kawai samu 'yancin kada kuri'a idan ya kasance da coci da kuma yana da kyau shawarwari wa'azi. Kawai daya cikin biyar na namiji yawan jama'a a wannan hanya yana da 'yancin kada kuri'a.

Daga baya, a lokacin da Ingilishi da juyin juya halin, Birtaniya mazauna kumbura taswira. Akwai sabon ikon mallakar. A cikin Turanci mazauna a North America fara isa "Gentlemen" - mãsu hijira aristocrats wanda ba ya so ya sanya sama da kafa neman sauyi tsarin mulki a kasar. Suka zauna, yafi a Virginia, kudancin mazauna.

Caroline

Takwas na kotu Sarki Charles II a 1663 samu kyauta daga ƙasar dake kudu da Virginia, da kuma kafa wani mallaka na Carolina (wanda daga baya raba cikin Arewa da ta Kudu). Virginia taba wadãtar da gonaki ta al'ada yada nan. Duk da haka, a wasu yankunan, kamar Shenandoah Valley a yammacin Maryland, kazalika da dausayi da South Carolina kudu na Virginia, da yanayi bai yi girma wannan amfanin gona. A nan mun bred shinkafa, kazalika a Georgia.

Carolina mallakar da kotu za ta yi sa'a a kan kiwo na shinkafa, rake, flax, hemp, siliki samar, Indigo, da cewa shi ne, dukiya da suke da} arancin a Ingila da kuma shigo da shi daga sauran jihohi. A nan a 1696 da aka shigo da Madagascar shinkafa iri-iri. Its namo ya zama tun da babban zama na gida mutane, shẽkara ɗari. Rice dasa a kan teku da kuma riverine Marshes. Hard aiki shouldered Negro bayi, wanda ya lissafta game da rabin yawan jama'a a 1700. A halin yanzu Jihar South Carolina, wato, a kudancin na mallaka, shi ne har yanzu fi a Virginia, kafa bauta. Manyan slaveholders-planters kasance a Charleston, al'adu da kuma Gudanarwa cibiyar na mallaka, arziki gidaje. A magada daga karo na farko da masu a 1719 aka sayar zuwa Turanci gyara su 'yancin.

North Carolina, inda suka zauna, mafi yawa 'yan gudun hijira daga Virginia (gudu daga wuce kima haraji da basusuka, kananan manoma) da kuma Quakers, ya na wani daban-daban hali. Akwai 'yan kaxan baki bayi da manyan plantations. A 1726, North Carolina ta zama Birtaniya mallaka.

A duk sarauta a bayansa da yawan yafi by baƙi daga Scotland, Ingila da Ireland.

NY

Da yawa fiye da m ya jama'ar na sauran mazauna: New York (tsohon Dutch mallaki New Netherlands) zuwa Sabuwar Amsterdam (yanzu New York City). Bayan shi ya kama Birtaniya, ta tafi da Duke na York, dan'uwan Charles II na, Sarki na Ingila. By cewa lokaci akwai wani fiye da 10 dubu mazaunan, wanda ya yi magana 18 harsuna. The Dutch tasiri mai girma, ko da yake mazauni ne na wannan kasar da kuma ba dokoki ne da rinjaye. Traces of shi ake kiyaye wannan rana: a cikin harshen da Amirkawa shiga Dutch kalma da kuma gine-gine da style na Netherlands ya bar ta alama a yanzu bayyanar American garuruwa da biranen da cewa yin up zamani Arewacin Amirka. Photos of New York a 1851, ga kasa.

Height sikelin mulkin mallaka

Birtaniya mulkin mallaka na North America da aka sosai m. Wannan nahiyar da jũna ƙasar alkawari Turai matalauta. Akwai suka shirya kubuta daga addini tsananta, zalunci na manyan gonaki da kuma bãshi.

Baƙi dauka ya America daban-daban harkokin kasuwanci, ko da shirya zuwa da real hari. Jamiái solder mutane a gidajen cin abinci. Sent bugu dauka uwa jiragen ruwa da kuma dauka don Birtaniya mazauna a Arewacin Amirka.

Daya bayan wani Birtaniya dũkiyarku ba. Hanzari kara da su daga alƙarya. A agrarian juyin juya halin a kasar Birtaniya, wanda da gudummawar da m rashi allotments manoma hambarar daga Ingila da yawa matalauta mutanen da suka so don samun wani sabon ƙasa a cikin mazauna.

A cikin babban yankin, a 1625 akwai kawai 1980 na mulkin mallaka, da kuma a 1641 - riga 50 dubu mutane daga Ingila, ba a ma maganar sauran mazauna. Ko bayan shekaru 50, yawan ya karu zuwa 200 dubu. A 1760 shi amounted zuwa 1,695 miliyan mazaunan, na da 310 sun negros bayi. da yawan natsuwa a cikin shekaru biyar da ya karu da kusan rabi.

The yaki tare da Indiyawan Dajin

Na dogon lokaci da mulkin mallaka ya yi yaƙi da Indians hallakaswa yaki, shan tafi ƙasarsu. Kawai 'yan shekaru, daga 1706 zuwa 1722 shekaru, kusan dukkan Virginia kabilan aka decimated, duk da cudanya da iko shugaban da Birtaniya "alaka" bond.

A New England, da arewa, da ha] e amfani da wasu wajen: suka sayi ƙasar daga Indiyawan da "sayar da ma'amaloli". Daga baya, wannan ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa masana tarihi jayayya da cewa Amirkawa ba su da kakanninsu daga cikin Indiyawan kãma cikin ƙasa, kuma ba ƙeta a kan su 'yanci, da kuma kwangila tare da su. Da zare na beads, domin dintsi na gunpowder, da sauransu. D. Za ka iya "saya" wata babbar yanki na ƙasar. Kuma da Indians, wanda bai san na wanzuwar zaman kansa dukiya, kullum ba su sani ba game da abun ciki na da yawa. A sani na doka daidaitar da Turawan mulkin mallaka, aka kore daga cikin ƙasashe na tsohon masu, kuma idan ba su yarda su bar, exterminating su. Musamman m ne addini ta'adda na Massachusetts. Kamar yadda wa'azi coci, doke da Indians shi ya faranta wa Allah. Tun da mutuwar mutane da yawa 'yan asalin mutane.

Pennsylvania

An togiya ga wannan mummunar akida na wargajewa na gida Indiyawan ya Pennsylvania, kafa a 1682 da wani m Quaker William Penn, ɗan wani English admiral, to su tsananta a cikin gida da kasar abõkan tãrayya. A nan mun yi kokarin kula da dangantakar abokantaka tare da yan unguwa. Duk da haka, a lokacin da a 1744-1748 da kuma 1755-1763 kasance shekaru na yaki tsakanin Faransa da kuma Birtaniya mazauna, da Indiyawa, da suka yi alkawari da farko, fyauce a gare shi, kuma an tura bayan Pennsylvania (North America). Photo na zamani Pittsburgh, dake a cikin tsohon mazauna, gani a kasa.

Mulkin mallaka, a cikin karni na 19th

Mulkin mallaka na North America ci gaba a cikin karni na 19th. A cikin farko uku na gagarumin canje-canje da suka faru a cikin tattalin arziki da zaman al'umma na Birtaniya dũkiyarku, a Arewacin Amirka. Modern Canada hada a membobinsu da tsohon Birtaniya mallaka.

A cikin karni na 19th a Canada, Birtaniya mallaki wannan sunan, ya shiga game da rabin miliyan baƙi da jimlar yawan mazauna ya wuce miliyan 1. Man. Dalili na tattalin arzikin ya zama sawmill , noma gona da irin da kuma Shipbuilding. manufactory akwai. Amma tushen samar a cikin mazauna zauna a kananan sana'a. Shigo cikin mazauna Burtaniya kayayyakin shake gida samar. Saboda haka tataccen da kuma zamantakewa saba wa juna. Mulkin mallaka da jami'ai, speculators da kuma 'yan kasuwa na kasafin ƙasar nufi ga yankin. Wadannan da sauran sabani ya jagoranci wani tawaye a Upper da kuma Lower Canada a 1837-1838, bi da bi. Su aka mur da shugabannin fili kashe.

Birtaniya mulkin mallaka iko bayan danniya na yunkuri ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da assimilation na Faransa Canadians, da kuma a 1841 bayar da dokar na kungiyar tarayyar ta wanda Upper da kuma Lower Canada, tsohon mazauna na Burtaniya, shiga a cikin wani guda a karkashin sunan Canada. Wannan dokar da aka yi wani aiki na mulkin mallaka tashin hankali da kuma m danniya.

A mallaka na Burtaniya, a cikin karni na 19th

Great Britain a lokacin da sararin kasashen waje dũkiyarku ba. A cikin tsakiyar karni na 19th yankin na Arewacin Amirka, na Ingila, kunshi wadannan mazauna: Nova Scotia, Canada, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, tsibirin Prince Edward, kazalika da British Columbia, dake kan gaba na tekun Pacific da kuma aka rabu da sauran na dũkiyarku kilomita dubu.

A cikin shekaru 60 da Ingila ta kafa ta gani a daidaituwa na mazauna. A 1867, "Dominion na Canada", wanda sõyayya a daya bayyana tsohon Birtaniya mallaka. Ya kunshi a wani Turanci lardunan Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, kazalika da Faransa-magana Quebec. Canada ta kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da aka soma a cikin wannan shekara.

Kasashen - tsohon mazauna na Burtaniya, haka ne aka sõyayya a karkashin tuta guda.