Ƙarfin wutar lantarki

Kowace cajin lantarki yana kewaye da filin lantarki. A sakamakon binciken dogon lokaci, masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar cewa hulɗar da jikin da aka yi da shi ya faru ne saboda matakan lantarki kewaye da su. Su ne nau'i na musamman na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ba shi da dangantaka da kowane cajin lantarki.

Ana gudanar da bincike akan filin lantarki ta hanyar shigar da kananan kananan yara. Ana kiran wadannan jikin gwajin bincike. Alal misali, an yi amfani da bakar kwalliyar kwalliya a matsayin cajin gwaji.

Lokacin da aka shigar da cajin gwaji a cikin filin lantarki na jikin da ke da caji mai kyau, mai sauƙi mai kwakwalwa mai kwakwalwa a ƙarƙashin aikinsa zai rabu da mafi kusantar zamu kawo shi ga jiki.

Lokacin da motsi da cajin gwaji a cikin filin lantarki na wani mutum wanda ba a yarda da shi ba, yana da sauki a gano cewa ƙarfin aiki a kan shi zai zama daban a wurare daban-daban.

Don haka, idan aka bincika binciken q1, q2, q3, ..., qn, wanda suke da bambanci a cikin guda guda a cikin filin, yana yiwuwa a gano cewa dakarun da ke aiki akan su sun bambanta, F1, F2, F3, ..., Fn, amma rabo daga karfi zuwa girman Tabbatar da aka ƙayyade ga irin wannan maɓallin filin ba canzawa ba ne:

F1 / q1 = F2 / q2 = F3 / q3 = ... = Fn / qn.

Idan mukayi nazarin maki daban-daban na filin wannan hanyar, zamu sami taƙaitaccen ƙarshe: domin kowane aya a filin lantarki, rabo daga karfi da ke aiki a kan gwajin gwaji akan darajar wannan cajin yana da kuma kai tsaye daga cajin gwajin.

Wannan ya biyo bayan wannan cewa girman girman wannan yanayin yana nuna filin lantarki a wani maɓalli wanda bai dace ba. Darajar, wanda aka auna ta hanyar rabo daga ƙarfin da ke aiki a kan ƙimar tabbatacciyar dake a wannan wuri na filin, zuwa girman cajin kuma ƙarfin lantarki:

E = F / q1.

Hakanan, kamar yadda za'a iya gani daga fassararsa, yana daidaita da ƙarfin da ke aiki a kan wani sashi na kyautar da aka sanya a wani ɓangaren filin.

A naúrar na tsanani da lantarki filin na karbar filin tsanani aiki a kan cajin size of daya naúra da electrostatic karfi na daya dyne. Ana kiran wannan ƙungiyar mai cikakkiyar nau'ikan lantarki na tashin hankali.

Don ƙayyade ikon ƙarfin lantarki na kowane hali na ƙaddara q a wani wuri marar kuskure a cikin filin A na wani cajin da aka ba da shi daga nesa r1, yana da muhimmanci a sanya adadin bincike q1 a wannan ma'ana ba tare da yin lissafin ƙarfin Fa ba wanda yake aiki akan shi (don raguwa).

Kamar yadda ya Coulomb da dokar ta :

Fa = (q1q) / r² .

Idan muka ɗauki girman girman ƙarfin da ke rinjayar cajin zuwa darajar q1, to zamu iya lissafin ƙarfin wutar lantarki a wuri A:

Ea = q / r² .

Bugu da ƙari, wanda zai iya samun tashin hankali a wani abu mai ban sha'awa B; Zai zama daidai da:

Eb = q / r² .

Sabili da haka, ƙarfin filin lantarki na wata ma'ana a kan wani wuri na filin (a cikin wani wuri) zai zama daidai da girman girman cajin da aka ba da shi kuma ya zama daidai ga ma'auni na nesa tsakanin wannan cajin da maƙallin.

Ƙarfin filin yana aiki kamar yadda yake da halayyar ikonsa. Sanin da shi a wani wuri marar tsayayyar filin E, yana da sauki a lissafta ikon F wanda yake aikatawa a kan cajin q a wani batu:

F = qE.

A lantarki filin - vector yawa. Za'a haɗu da jagorancin tashin hankali a kowane ɓangaren ma'anar filin wasa tare da jagorancin ƙarfin da ke aiki a kan ƙimar tabbatacciyar da aka sanya a cikin aya.

Idan aka kafa filin ta hanyar caji da yawa: q1 da q2, ƙarfin E a kowane aya A na filin da aka sanya zai zama daidai da jimlar nau'ikan da E1 da E2 suka halitta a bambanta a ayan da aka ba da laifuka q1 da q2.

Ƙarfin wutar lantarki a wata maɓalli ba za a iya nunawa ta hanyar hoto ba tare da taimakon wani ɓangaren da aka samo asali daga wannan batu, kama da siffar karfi da sauran nau'ikan ƙwayoyi.