Entomology - shi ne cewa kimiyya? Abin da ake karatu entomology

Entomology - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin sassan da ilmin dabbobi. Ya dogara ne a kan nazarin jinsuna daban na kwari. Specific kwafi ne entomology. Kalmomi a cikin wannan hade ne Girkanci. Wato ἔντομον - "kwaro" da kuma λόγος - "koyarwa." Akwai wani babban yawan kwari. Wannan shi ne game da miliyan 3 jinsunan. Saboda haka, don gano duk su, bukatar taimako tare da da yawa kwararru.

A tarihin abin da ya faru

Entomology - da kimiyya na nasekomoobraznyh. Yana samo asali a cikin XVI karni. Sai ya zama hanzari inganta, godiya ga ci gaban al'adu da kuma aikin noma (beekeeping).

Mutane da yawa daga cikin manyan masana kimiyyar sha'awar wannan kimiyya. Ta ƙware Darwin, ta Nobel Karl von Frisch, marubuci Vladimir Nabokov, Farfesa Edward Wilson.

Abin da ake karatu entomology

Har zuwa rabi daga cikin XIX karni, masana kimiyya sun yi karatu da ilimin halittàr jiki da daban-daban na kwari, suka yi kwarangwal bayanin da waje gabobin. A kadan daga baya, masana kimiyyar suka fara inganta a cikin wannan yanki. Sun soma nazarin kwari, da biyan hankali ba kawai ga kwarangwal da kuma gabobin, amma kuma a kan mutum sassa na jiki. Wannan shi ne wani gagarumin al'amari.

wasu yankunan

Entomology - da kimiyya na nasekomoobraznyh iri, kunsha da dama sassan:

• Irfanin al'amurran da nazarin halittu hanyoyin da shuka kariya.
• Effect na gina jiki da kuma dalilai for karbuwa abiogenous kwari tafiyar matakai.
• Ethology.
• A rayuwa hawan keke na kwari da kuma yanayin halitta na juya.
• Entomofauna.
• A ci gaba da kwari.
• Population entomology.
• A ilimin halittar jiki da kuma embryology na kwari.
• Irfanin Harsashen na m entomology.
• Kasa rarraba.
• Systematics.
• Binciken burbushin halittu.

Description na kwatance

A kowace shekara masana kimiyyar tsunduma a cikin binciken na kwari don ƙayyade ya sa suke zama dole da kuma abin da yake da wurin a yanayi. A lokacin da da yawa karatu na daban-daban beetles fara raba cikin cutarwa da kuma amfani iri daban-daban. A wasu kalmomin, Entomology - nazarin kwari, wadda babbar manufarta shi ne don nazarin hali da kuma halaye na kwari kwari, kazalika da katin shaida na tasiri hanyoyin magance su.

Da farko ina so in mayar da hankali a kan wani musamman al'amari. Wannan shi ne, daga abin da karatu entomology, masana kimiyya sun fi sha'awar a wasu kwari jinsunan, wanda zai iya zama babban dako na da yawa cututtuka. Wannan, bi da bi, shi ne sosai detrimental zuwa adam kiwon lafiya. Har ila yau, babu kasa mai muhimmanci shi ne nazarin kwari da cewa kawo lahani ba kawai mutum, amma da amfanin gona shuke-shuke. Wannan cikakken nazari bada ban sha'awa da kuma tasiri da sakamakon. Sake bugun aka lura parasitism da t. D.

A nazarin da aka za'ayi m matakan da nufin a wajen magance ce kwari. Mun yi amfani da sanin cikin tsari da kuma hanyar rayuwar kowanne daga cikin kwaro. Saboda da mafi cikakken nazarin halittu nazarin da lura da rayukansu, masana kimiyya sun iya ci gaba da wajen su ga hallaka. Saboda haka Entomology - da kimiyya da cewa yana da wani muhimmin hali. Gwaji da kuma kuskure ne hanyoyi biyu don sarrafa kwari kwari da aka ɓullo da. Wato wasu spraying shuke-shuke da guba abubuwa. Wannan hanya na taimaka wa halakar wadannan kwari. Duk da haka, shi ne cutarwa ga lafiyar dan adam. Ka tuna cewa, na farko, entomology - da kimiyya na beetles da sauran daban-daban kwari. Koya game da su za a iya amfani da wani iri-iri na gudanar da bincike a nan gaba.

A dangantaka da daban-daban iri iri na

A wanzuwar entomology, za a iya samu a wasu littattafai na musamman da kuma mujallu game da m darajar da kuma bunkasa. Bayan ka duba wannan bayani ya bayyana cewa dangantaka tsakanin wasu jinsunan kwari ne sosai hadaddun. Yana kasance ko da yaushe ban sha'awa to watch kwari rayuwa a kan wani ɓangare na kimiyya. Kuma da ilmi tsiwirwirinsu, a yi. Musamman nishadi kasance da kallo data daga biyun da m da msar tambayar ra'ayi. Sai dai itace cewa da yawa a cikin jinsunan beetles ne kowa mamaki kamar parasitism kuma symbiosis. A cikin farko idan - shi ne a lokacin da daya kwaro zaune a kudi na wani. A karo na biyu - juna taimako ga juna.

Sau da yawa parasites iya samu duka a cikin Diptera, da kuma membranous siffofin. Ba sau daya aka gani muhimmiyar hujja ba. Shi ya ta'allaka ne da cewa wasu jinsunan parasites iya zama saboda wasu kwari jinsunan, da kuma wasu na iya zama polyphagous. Yana da muhimmanci a tuna. Akwai sau lokacin da parasites rayuwa a kudi na wasu, sa'an nan uku da ta huɗu. Tare da gaisuwa ga symbiosis, wannan sabon abu da aka gani daga tururuwan, tururuwa. A al'umma iya rayuwa tare da su yawa sauran kwari jinsunan. Rãyukansu, sũ ne juna. Saboda haka akwai irin wannan abu a matsayin termitofiliya da myrmecophily.

Babban Categories Entomology

A wannan yanayin, akwai da dama da tanadi. Entomology - da kimiyya na kwari - kuma zuwa kashi da dama Categories. Kowace daga cikinsu ya shafi wani shugabanci. A wannan yanayin:

• Private entomology kwari. Yana hada da wadannan tarbiyya:

- melittology (nazarin ƙudan zuma).

- Blattopterologiya ko diktiopterologiya (kyankyasai, tururuwa).

- Dipterologiya (nazarin sauro da kwari).

- Gimenopterologiya (nazarin ƙudan zuma, wasps, mahaya pylilschikov, wanda tururuwai suka gina).

- coleopterology (nazarin Coleoptera).

- lepidopterist (bincike Lepidoptera).

- myrmecology (nazarin tururuwai suka gina.

- Odonatologiya (dragonflies).

- orthopterology (nazarin iyali fara, crickets).

- Trihopterologiya (bincike caddisflies).

• Janar Entomology. Ta karatu da tsarin, juyin halitta da kuma bambancin da kwari rayuwa aiki, mutum ci gaba da kuma su wuraren.
• Aiyuka Entomology. Yana da wani kimiyya game da fauna, wanda ya hada da dama yankunan. Kowace daga cikinsu yana nemaloznachimy hali. wato:

- Forest Entomology.

- na dabbobi.

- Medical.

• Aikin gona Entomology. Ta yin nazarin wani irin kwaro. Wato wadanda da suke cutarwa ga amfanin gona, shuke-shuke, da dabbobi da mutane. Ta kuma yi karatun da kwari da hannu a pollination na shuke-shuke.
• Bincike entomology. A wannan yanayin yana riqe wani shugabanci. Wannan shi ne, wannan Entomology - da kimiyya na kwari dangane da na bincike kimiyya da karatu da iri da za su iya bayyana a kan jikin mutum bayan mutuwarsa. A wasu kalmomin, ta yin amfani da wani daban-daban mataki na ci gaba da larvae na blowflies iya saita lokaci na wanzuwar gawa. Wannan Entomology - da kimiyya da cewa yana da wasu sharudda. Alal misali, idan gawar wani larvae ko qwai, sa'an nan kuma mutuwa ya ba fiye da hudu hours ago. Kuma idan sun kasance, shi ke kashe bayan 6-12 hours. Amma idan kun kasance rana, cewa ya fi girma larvae za a iya samu a jiki. Bayan 36 h., Su kara a size. Amma idan makonni biyu suka shige, su pupation fara. The Sin a cikin farkon zamanin na bincike entomology a XIII karni, ya fara amfani da gardama larvae bayyana kisan lokuta.

Cibiyoyin na mafi girma ilimi, karatu wannan kimiyya

The matsaloli hade da nazarin kwari a Rasha, yanke shawara a wadannan cibiyoyin:

- Moscow Jami'ar Jihar a Zoological Museum (Moscow).

- A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje nazarin entomology a cikin Far Eastern Branch of Rasha Academy of Sciences (Biology da kuma ƙasa Science). An located a birnin Vladivostok.

- The Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Evolutionary ilimin halittar jiki). An located in Moscow.

- Cibiyar. Schmalhausen. An located in Kiev.

- The National Academy of Sciences da Ukraine. Location - Kyiv.

- Batutuwa alaka da gandunan daji da kuma m entomology, da karatu a Rasha Cibiyar Shuka Kariya. An located a cikin unguwannin St. Petersburg. Kuma kamar yadda a duk cibiyoyin mafi girma ilimi, wanda ya kasance bayan Tarayyar Soviet da tsunduma a cikin binciken na Flora. Ciki har da a masana'antu bincike institute.

- Matsaloli tare da likita entomology yanke shawara a raguna. Wannan Cibiyar da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma parasitic cututtuka.

- Har ila yau, nazarin data gudanar a wasu cibiyoyin. Wato, a cikin Jamus Entomological makaranta da kuma Baltic Cibiyar coleopterology.

Daga cikin da yawa cibiyoyin na mafi girma koyo kimiyya kayyade shekaru biyar da aka zaba a game da 25 545 articles kishin entomology.

Kawai 5 cibiyoyin lura ga matakin. Wato: University of Florida, California, Riverside Cornell, Davis, Texas A & M.

The Department of karatu entomology

Su ne akwai babba adadin. Duk da haka, babban wadanda aka halitta:

- The aikin gona University a cikin Kuban. A sashen da aka halitta a 1968.

- A Jami'ar su. University of Moscow a shekara ta 1925, Faculty of Biology da kuma Ma'aikatar Entomology aka halitta nan.

- A Jami'ar su. Timiryazeva (ICCA). A sashen da aka halitta a 1920.

- The Saint-Petersburg State University.

- A Saratov da ma'aikata da abin ya shafa da kuma sashen Entomology da aka kafa. Wato, a cikin Jihar Agrarian University. Vavilov.

- Wani Department of Entomology da aka kafa a Stavropol mafi girma ilimi. Shi ne da jihar Agrarian University. Vavilov.

Kungiyoyin da hannu a entomology

A 1859, KM Baer da Academician Semenov-Tyan-Shan halitta Rasha jama'a don nazarin entomology. A Soviet sau shi ne mai tabbataccen sunan - "All-Union Entomological Society."

Irin kungiyoyin da suka tushen a cikin daban-daban a} asashen duniya. wato:

- France.

- UK.

- Jamus (Entomologischer Verein zu Stettin).

- Holland.

- Belgium.

- Rasha.

- America (kafa a 1867.).

- Philadelphia (1859 Est.).

- Canada.

- Italy.

- Cambridge.

- Jamus.

Kuma wasu entomological al'umma ne:

- Ukraine.

- Birtaniya.

- Japan.

- Brazil.

- Argentina.

- Venezuela.

- Spain (Asociación Entomolóxica Galega, Asociación Española de Entomología, Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología (boletín), Sociedad Española de Entomología Aplicada).

- Colombia.

- Mexico.

- Chile.

Akwai ma na kasa da kasa al'ummu: International Society of Hymenopterists, USA, International Palaeoentomological Society.

A da kafa International Union for Nazarin Social kwari.

edition

Ainihin lokaci-lokaci Rasha wallafe a kan ce kimiyya ne:

- "Entomological Review". Ga fahimce bayyana tausasãwa na wannan shugabanci.

- "All-Union Entomological Society gabatarwar."

Har ila yau, akwai wallafe:

- Zoosystematica Rossica (1993).

- "Rasha Entomological Journal." Ya fara da za a bayar, a 1992.

- "Eurasian Entomological Journal" (2002), da dai sauransu ...

A yawa na tsanaki kwatancin na kwari a Rasha Federation ne samuwa a cikin Multi-girma "da Rasha da kuma m kasashe (Tarayyar Soviet)." Wannan irin adabi da aka wallafa a kasashe da dama a duniya.

ƙarshe

Bayan karanta wannan rubutu, kowa da kowa zai iya amsa wannan tambaya da cewa karatu entomology, abin da yankunan da shi rinjayar. Yana kawai dole ne a karanta a hankali ta gabatar. Har ila yau, bayanai za a iya samu a wannan shafin kamar yadda "molbiol". Entomology akwai bayyana a cikin mafi daki-daki. A general za mu iya gaya yawa game da wannan kimiyya. Shi ne fraught da yawa ban sha'awa da kuma amfani ga mutum. Babban abu - to da wani amfani a wannan yanki. Kuma idan ka samu zuwa daga ainihin entomology, shi zai zama quite nishadi da kuma umarni kimiyya.