Nau'in, siffofin da misalai fi'ilai

Fi'ilai ne a mafi bada shawarwari na Rasha harshe. Wannan irin sakon game da batun magana ayyukan. AN Tolstoy jãyayya da cewa a zabi da hakkin fi'ili - don haka ba shi da wani tafi.

Ba don kome ba kamar yadda "fi'ili" kakanninmu kira shi, a cikin manufa, wannan kalma an fassara a cikin ƙamus Dal. Misalai na fi'ili, amfani, bincika da canji a cikin wannan labarin.

Fi'ili a matsayin wani ɓangare na magana

Sashe na jawabin nuna mataki da ya amsa wannan tambaya "abin da ya yi?", "Abin da ya yi?" - wannan shi ne fi'ili. Dangane raba sassa na magana, shi ne m da total nahawu ma'anar. Fi'ili mataki. Duk da haka, wannan na daga cikin jawabin ne daban-daban tabarau na ma'ana.

1. Duk wani jiki aiki: yanke, hack, saƙa.
2. Ilimi ko fi'ili aiki: watch, talk, zaton.
3. Motsi wani abu a sarari: tashi, gudu, zauna.
4. Yanayin batu: ƙi, su ji masa rauni, ya yi barci.
5. A jihar yanayi: sanyi, daskarewa, Maraice.

Morphological da syntactic siffofin

Amma ga morphological haruffa - ne duk yiwu siffofin fi'ili. Misalai bincika daki-daki, daga baya, amma a yanzu, kawai lissafa su. Mood, mutum, lokacin, yawan, reflexivity, HALITTAR, jinsunan, kuma Tasrifu.

Amma ga syntactic rawa ne sau da yawa amfani da fi'ili predicate, da ya ke tare da batu predicative siffofin ko nahawu tushe. Fi'ili a cikin jumla za a iya kara. Wannan aiki da aka yi da wani suna ko wani yar bab.

tushen fi'ili

Kowane fi'ili yana da farko tsari, shi ne ake kira da tushen fi'ili. Tambayoyi aka tambayi wadannan: "Abin da ya yi?", "Abin da ya yi?". Misalan m fi'ilai: don ya koya, su kusantar da (abin da ya yi?), Koyi, zana (abin yi?).

Wannan fi'ili nau'i ne canzawa, ba ayyana lokacin ta fuskar da yawan - musamman mataki. Bari mu gwada da misalai biyu: "ina aiki a kan sana'a" - "Don aiki mutum na bukatar rayuwa." A farko misali, fi'ili nuna cewa mataki faruwa a real lokaci, kuma ta kashe shi da magana kansa (sirri wakilin suna "I" na nuna 1 person raka'a. H.). A karo na biyu designates da mataki, bisa manufa, ba tare da tantancewa da yawan da mutum.

Tsakanin masana kimiyya da kuma masana ilimin harsuna har yanzu muhawara game da abin da daidai ne -t (ti) na tushen fi'ili: wani kari na baya baki ko kawo karshen. Mun yarda a wannan labarin da mutumin da ya positioned shi a matsayin lankwashewa. Idan fi'ili ƙare a -ch (kwarara, tanda, ya ƙone), shi ne a fili na tushen. Ka tuna cewa canza wata kalma na iya faruwa canzawar: tanda,-gasa. zuba-gudana. zhech-ina kona.

Tushen fi'ili iya aiki duka biyu kamar yadda wani predicate, da kuma rawar da batun: "Karanta - yawa sani." Ga na farko kalmomin "karanta" - batun, na biyu, to "sani" - da predicate. Af, irin haka ya bukatar wata sanarwa da musamman alamar rubutun - da dash.

Siffofin da fi'ilin

fi'ili nau'i ne m da tambaya, ga abin da ya ke da alhakin. A cikin Rasha da harshen akwai ajizai (abin da ya yi Abin da ya yi? Abin da ya yi?) Kuma m (abin da yake? Yin? Na ya yi?) Irin fi'ilai. Misalai: talk, magana, zance - ajizai. ce ka ce: Ka ce: - m. Siffofin da fi'ilin daban-daban ma'anar. Saboda haka, ajizai suturta wani duration, ta repeatability. Ga misali: rubuce-rubuce - rubuce. A mataki yana da wani duration tsawon. M tare da fi'ilin ma'ana cikakken tsari: rubuta - write - rubuta. Wannan ƙayyade cewa mataki ne cikakke, shi yana a sakamakon. Wadannan fi'ilai ayyana guda mataki (shoot).

Form yanayi

Canza fi'ilai kuma son zuciyõyin. Akwai kawai uku: matukar (subjunctive), nuni da muhimmanci.

Idan muka magana game da yanayin nuni, shi damar da predicate zama a cikin nau'i na lokacin, mutum da lambar. Misalin wannan fi'ili yanayi: "Mun yi wannan hack," (yanzu) - "Za mu yi wannan hack" (nan gaba) - "Muka ƙãga wannan hack" (da siga). Ko mutane, "Na yi wannan hack" (1 person) - "Kai sanya wannan hack" (2 da mutum) - "Anne sanya wannan hack" (3rd mutum).

Don yin ayyuka a karkashin wani yanayi nuna subjunctive fi'ilai. Wannan nau'i ne kafa ta ƙara zuwa elapsed lokaci na barbashi "to" ( "b"), wanda aka rubuta ko da yaushe dabam. Irin wannan predicates bambanta da mutum da lambar. Category bai aka ƙaddara. Misalai na fi'ili: "Mun yanke shawarar da wannan matsala tare da taimakon wani malami" (jam'i, 1 mutumin ..) - "I zai yi wannan hack tare da taimakon wani malami" (U h, 1 mutumin ..) - "Anna zai iya samar da wannan hack tare da taimako daga wani malami "(U h, 3 wani mutum ..) -" da mutane zai yi wannan hack tare da taimakon wani malami "(jam'i, 3rd mutum ..).

Talking karfafa duk wani mataki da fi'ili zama wajibi. Don hana mataki, ya zama wajibi fi'ilai ma amfani. Misalai: "Kada ihu a gare ni!" (Ban) - "wanke hannuwanku kafin ka ci!" (Motivation) - "Don Allah rubuta harafin" (don Allah). Bari mu daki-daki, ga latest misali. Don ba wa takarda sautin m, to fi'ili wajibi ne don ƙara da kalmar "don Allah" ( "don Allah", "idan ka don Allah").

Ya kamata a tuna cewa ya zama wajibi fi'ilai ƙare da mai taushi ãyã, inda aka adana da kuma waɗanda ƙare a Xia, kuma -te. Wannan mulki yana da wani togiya - fi'ili "ƙarya" (ƙarya - kwanta - kwanta).

category lokaci

Babban siffofin da fi'ili a lokacin - mãsu nuna lokacin da mataki: baya (kira), ba (kiran), nan gaba (zai kira).

Elapsed lokaci ya nuna cewa a lokacin da yake magana da mataki da aka kammala. Misali: "Na sayi wannan dress bara." Yawanci, wadannan maganganu suna kafa via -l- kari na baya baki kara da tushe tushen fi'ili: tashi - sayo. Wadannan predicates bambanta a lambobi da kuma a raka'a. ciki har da - da kuma bar. Face siffar ba m.

Ba siga ne halayyar kawai ga wani ajizai bayyanar. Don halittarsa, dole ne ka ƙara sirri endings da fi'ilai. Misalai: My - wanke - wanke - na - wanka.

A tsari na gaba siga fi'ilai iya da biyu iri, cikakke kuma ajizai. Ya zo a cikin iri biyu: sauki da kuma hadaddun. A farko halayyar perfective fi'ilai: ginawa, Manne, suka fasa, da dai sauransu A nan gaba hadaddun nau'i imperfective fi'ilai. Kwatanta: zan gina, zai manne, za a yanke. Saboda haka, wannan tsari ne kafa ta kalmomin nan "ya zama" halshen gaba sauki da kuma tushen fi'ili.

A halin yanzu da kuma nan gaba siga fi'ilai yi mutum da lambar. Mun yi magana game da su a kasa.

Mutum da kuma yawan

Idan fi'ili ne a farkon mutum, shi ya nuna cewa mataki samar da mai magana da kansa. Misali: "Na tempers kowace rana, wanka a ruwa na garin kankara da kuma shafa da dusar ƙanƙara."

Gaskiyar cewa mataki daukan magana interlocutor, za mu gaya mutum na biyu daga cikin fi'ili. Ga misali: "Ka san nawa za a yi biyu da biyu." Fi'ilai a cikin wannan siffar iya samun Generic ji da su koma ga ayyuka da cewa su ne na hali na wani mutum. Mafi sau da yawa shi za a iya samu a Misalai: "A cikin wani bakon rotok ba nakinesh zanen aljihu." Don rarrabe waɗannan bada shawarwari ne mai sauki: su ne yawanci ba a nan batu.

Fi'ilai a cikin mutum na uku ya nuna wani mataki da cewa ya kera ko samar da batun magana. "Lermontov kasance shi kadai duk rayuwarsa." - "The guguwa da aka haka da karfi da cewa karni-tsohon itatuwa lankwasa kamar twigs."

Domin kowane mutum a cikin mufuradi ko jam'i halayyar wasu fi'ilai ƙare. Misalai: "Na tashi" - "Mun tashi" - "Ka tashi" - "Ka tashi" - "Yana (ya, shi) tashiwa" - "Su tashi".

Tasrifu da kuma na sirri fi'ili endings

Tasrifu na fi'ili - form, wanda yana nuna ta canji ga mutum da kuma lambarta. Shi ne gaskiya ba duk predicates, amma kawai domin waɗanda suke a cikin yanayin nuni, yanzu ko nan gaba lokaci. A cikin duka, akwai biyu conjugations. Wakiltar su a cikin tebur.

m fi'ilai

Personal fi'ilai, misalai daga abin da muka tattauna a sama - ba wai kawai a cikin Rasha harshe. Suna yi tsayayya da waɗanda suka koma zuwa mataki ba tare da wani actor. Suna da ake kira - m. Idan suka taba zama, a cikin jumla, suka bauta wa a matsayin predicate. Wadannan fi'ilai ba su da wani yawan Categories. Wancan ne, sun tsananin ayyana lokaci, yanzu da kuma nan gaba. Ga misali: "colder" (. Present lokaci) - "A dare shi bayar da umarnin rike fi" (Future), "samun sanyi dare bayar da umarnin rike ko da more." (Past).