The gine na karni na 20th: zamani gine

Kowane zamanin a cikin tarihin gabatar da wani babban tsari, duk da haka, shi ne gine na karni na 20th ne halin da cewa da alama ya isa sabon Heights - daga tashin gwauron zabi skyscrapers to m zane Tsarin. A farkon da shi da aka dage farawa a nuna na 20th karni daya daga cikin na farko yankunan da aka fi sani a matsayin wanda ya modernist hada functionalism da ado akida, amma ya ƙaryata gargajiya dokoki. Ya yi kokari ya hada da akida, tamkar gine-gine da zane, da yayi na m fasaha ci gaba da kuma na zamani da al'umma baki daya.

A general, gine na karni na 20th - shi ne mai cikakken motsi ya ɗauki siffar yawa zane makarantu, inda kuma da dama styles. Daga cikin muhimmanci sunayen mutanen da suka zama kyautatawa a cikin gine-gine da al'adu da paved hanya domin ainihin zane da kuma yankan-baki sababbin abubuwa, ya kamata a kira Le Corbusier, Ludwig rundunai van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Sullivan, Oscar Niemeyer da Alvar Aalto.

Saboda haka, na farko, da gine-gine na karni na 20th ne wakilta da motsi da aka sani da zamani gine-gine, da kuma rufe da zamani daga 1900 zuwa 1970-1980 (a cikin kasashen Turai da kuma Rasha). Yana hada da dama yankunan (functionalism da constructivism, brutalism da rationalism, Organic gine-gine, Bauhaus kuma Art Deco, kasa da kasa style), amma su duka rabo kowa halaye.

Modern gine nemi kafa zane gidaje en hanya ne classic ra'ayoyi da kuma yin ishãra wuri, da ayyuka na nan gaba Tsarin da su muhalli. "Form haka aiki" (kalmomin da na Luisa Sallivana, ma'ana cewa zane ra'ayin ya kamata a tushen kai tsaye a kan aikin Dalilin da shiri na abu). Alal misali, Frenk Lloyd Rayt aka sani na gaskiyar cewa da zane na gidaje ya ne da farko daidaitacce zuwa da wuri inda za a gina wani gini. Ya ce cewa ya kamata a "haɗe da ƙasar," cewa shi ne, zama na game.

farkon karni na 20th gine hada da wadannan unifying halaye ga yankunan da aka ambata a sama - ne amfani a cikin aikin gina sababbin technologically m kayan gini (misali, kankare), babu ado da cikakken bayani, a cikin wasu kalmomi, ba tarihi reminiscences a cikin bayyanar, wanda ya kamata a yi sauki share gidaje form.

The gine na karni na 20th a Rasha popularized a cikin nau'i na constructivism, musamman ta wadãta a 1920-1930. Constructivism hade m fasahar da sabon ilmi na gurguzu falsafa da kuma zamantakewa manufofin gina wani jihar. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa na motsi - Konstantin Melnikov, wanda aka tsara da sanannen Melnikov House a Moscow, wanda shi ne wata alama ce constructivism kuma Soviet avant-garde a duk. Ko da yake motsi an raba ta zuwa dama gasar makarantu a lokacin da ta zama da yawa mai girma gine-gine da aka gina, har shi ya fadi daga ni'imar da Soviet shugabannin game a 1932. Amma constructivist effects za a iya samu a baya Soviet gine.

Tun da farkon shekarun 1980s, gine na karni na 20th ne fuskantar wasu matsaloli cikin sharuddan tsarin tsarin (sabis, makamashi, fasahar) ya zama multidistsiplinoy da specializations ga kowane aikin type. Bugu da kari, a bayyane rabo a cikin m ta sana'a a matsayin m, zanen da kuma zanen, tabbatar da rashin cewa nan gaba gine-gine, ya gana duka dole fasaha nagartacce. Amma, ba shakka, shi ne ta kula da muhalli da babban rinjaye batun warai tunãni a kan zamani gine.