Soviet gine: description, tarihi da kuma ban sha'awa facts

A yi na sabon jama'a ya kamata a nuna a cikin al'adun kasar a general da kuma gine musamman. Soviet gine ya tafi, ta hanyar da dama, saukarwa na ci gaba, ta san da UPS da kuma hambarar da, amma a wani hali da shi ya zama wani musamman taron a duniya gine. A Tarayyar Soviet, akwai da dama gine-ginen matakin qarshe, kuma a yau da sararin post-Soviet sarari, za ka iya ganin dama Masterpieces na duniya sikelin. Mun bayyana yadda samo asali style of Soviet gine-gine, da kuma yadda shi ya samo asali.

Features da Ayyuka na Soviet gine

Bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin na 1917, sabuwar gwamnatin da aka rayayye hau kan wani canji a duk duniyoyin rayuwa. Domin a yayin da kome shi ne, ba up ga gine-gine, amma shi nan da nan ya bayyana cewa ta, ma, ya kamata yi wani akida aiki, kamar yadda dukan sauran art. A cikin shekaru 20 kafin gine-ginen da aka ba sa kai tsaye da aiki da su kafa wata sabuwar sarari, amma halittawa kansu ji karfi da cewa, lokaci ya ga sabon siffofin da kuma fara don bincika da magana daga ra'ayoyin ga canji. Amma daga baya Soviet gine da aka tsara don bauta wa ideas na gurguzanci. All art a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya tabbatar da kawai daidai hanya na ci gaba - gurguzu. Wannan ya haifar da babban fasali na Soviet gine-gine, wanda ko da yaushe ya zama da farko akida, amma a karshe - kyau. Idan a farko, halittawa gudanar ya hada har yanzu so da ra'ayin kyakkyawa da nan hankali ba hanya zuwa ga ilmi na utilitarian, kuma wannan ya kai ga raguwar a cikin m na babban gine.

tarihi zane

A ci gaba da Soviet gine ya wuce dama, saukarwa. Asalin wannan sabon abu ne hade da lokaci na 20 - farkon 30s, idan akwai aiki search for sabon siffofin, reinvents da classic dabaru na architecture. A wannan lokaci kafa biyu main kwatance na avant-garde Soviet gine: constructivism da rationalism. A karshen 30s ya bayyana cewa avant-garde ba a kan hanyar zuwa Soviet akida al'adu. Ya fara ta samar da wata sabuwar gine-gine, da nufin yi tasbĩhi game da yawa da kuma nasarorin da gurguzu ra'ayin. Aiwatar da ra'ayoyi na zamani hana yakin duniya na biyu, bayan da wani sabon zamani a gine. Yana an haɗa ba kawai tare da sabuntawa na hallaka birane, amma kuma halittar wani sabon sarari cewa zai goyi bayan wani mutum mai hankali na girman kai a cikin kasar su. Shi ne a kan wannan akida-akai da aka kafa ta Stalin ta daular, tare da propensity ga sikelin. A farkon 60s dada tabarbare matsalar da na zama gine-gine. Mutane zauna a subhuman yanayi, kuma wannan ba za a iya dangana ga post-yaki maimaitawa. Wajibi ne a magance matsalar taro gidaje yi. Wannan matsala ne warware ta maximizing mai rahusa ayyukan. Yana wani bala'i ga Soviet gine. wanda ya zaba ba hanya mafi kyau na ci gaba, suka tafi bayan da Faransa a cikin aikin iri yi.

All m yunkurin gine-ginen gane wuce kima da kuma cutarwa. Me ya halitta su shiga cikin "takardar gine", watau. E. Don ƙirƙirar ayyukan da ba su da bege na ganin. A cikin 80s, Soviet gine-ginen sa samun abinci sane da yadawa rikicin. A wannan lokaci, shi mamaye da hankula, faceless aikin. Architecture canza kama daga wani art zuwa sauki zane basira. Ta sannu a hankali ya fara bayyana daga rikicin sai ƙarshen 90s, amma da yake post-Soviet lokaci.

Soviet avant-garde

A karshen yakin basasa, akwai wata tambaya game da maido da Moscow. A wannan lokaci a kasar gine ya ɓullo da biyu sabuwar kwatance: constructivism da rationalism. An halicce su da fice a gine-ginen da ya haifar a cikin Rasha da kuma Turai hadisai, amma da suka ga bukatar haifar da wani sabon gine cewa zai hadu da sabon hakikar. Duk da yake halittawa aka fascinated da ra'ayin samar da wani sabon al'umma da kuma samuwar wani sabon, jitu adam.

Constructivists jagorancin Vesnin 'yan'uwa, Konstantin Melnikov, Moisei Ginzburg yi imani da cewa abun da ke ciki na ginin dole ne hadu da aiki. Suka ƙi yin tarihi a ci gaba, babban rawa ba wani sauki zane tare da m na ado. Godiya a gare su Soviet avant-garde gine da aka wadãtar da irin wannan wurare a matsayin zagaye gidan K. Melnikov a Moscow, cikin ginin jaridar "Izvestia", da Palace of Culture ZIL, da kuma waɗansu da yawa. The shugabanci da aka sosai da idon samu ta hanyar gine-ginen da kuma rassansa sun kasance a Birnin Leningrad, ya, Kharkov, Gorky, Sverdlovsk. A birane da yawa na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet da kuma a yau za mu iya sha'awan da constructivist gine-gine.

Na biyu avant-garde shugabanci, rationalism, jagorancin N. Ladovsky kuma B. Krinsky, samu wani karami aiwatar fiye da constructivism. Suna yafi gani a aikin ginin asusu da tunani na ji mutum. A farkon 30-ies na avant-garde an gane ra'ayi dan hanya zuwa Soviet art da sauri daina wanzuwa. Daga baya rationalism aka "gyara" kuma da ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin gine-gine a cikin 60s.

Architecture 30-40s

A cikin tsakiyar 30s Soviet gine da aka shiga wani sabon zamani. A sabon ikon ore da bukatar m maimaitawa zama da jama'a gine-gine, da gina wani sabon irin wuraren, kamar wani site ga wani m nuni. A sahun gaba na gargajiya dabaru da kuma hanyoyin. A shugaban na traditionalist m samun wani kyakkyawan tsufa makaranta Neoclassicist I. Zholtovsky. Retrospektivist a bakunansu, ya kõma, zuwa ga kasa yi soyayya ginshikan, pilasters, arches, da dai sauransu A wannan lokacin har yanzu dauke da tasiri constructivism, amma gangara zuwa litattafansu ne mafi zama a fili. Kafin yakin duniya na biyu a kasar, musamman ma a cikin Moscow, akwai wani shiri albarku. ENEA bayyana hadaddun, Jihar Library. Lenin, gina da dama daga cikin Moscow Metro tashoshin. A Kharkov, gina gungu Dzerzhinsky Square. A Yerevan, akwai gwamnatin House. A kan taswira da Tarayyar Soviet, sabon birni, wanda ya shirya ya embody da ra'ayin sabon gine. Waɗannan su ne Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Magnitogorsk, Khabarovsk. Kafin yakin, game da miliyan 170 da aka gina a kasar square. mita gidaje. A hankali kafa wani sabon, na sarki style na Tarayyar Soviet.

Stalin ta daular

Bayan yakin duniya na II tarihi na Soviet gine shiga wani sabon mataki. Sai da na ɗauki wani yawa na albarkatun domin sake gina halakar da kauyuka. A cikin tsakiyar 40s a cikin Tarayyar Soviet kafa biyu bayan constructivism "babban style" a gine - Stalin ta daular. Ya hade da dama kwatance: Classicism, Baroque, Art Deco Empire. An halin ikon yinsa, ƙawa, girma. Gine-gine a cikin wannan salon da aka tsara don nuna sikelin da Soviet cin nasara, kuma nasara. A alama ce da wannan salon ya zama shahararren Moscow "skyscraper": Moscow Jami'ar Jihar, da hotel "Ukraine", ma'aikatar harkokin waje da sauransu. Stalin ta daular zama da rinjaye style for 150 shekara, shi ya canza fuskar kasa. Stalinist gine bayyana kusan a dukkan biranen kasar.

Mass na zama gine-gine

A postwar lokaci ne m gidaje matsala. Amma a cikin shekaru 50 na da jagoranci ba shirya, don haka ya zama dole ya mayar da samar da kayayyakin aiki. Amma a cikin 60s ya fasa da hukuncin da wannan aiki ba shi yiwuwa. Just a wannan lokacin ya zo karshe zamanin Stalin da Khrushchev kira ga iyakar rage kudin da na zama gine-gine. Ya kuma qaddamar da gwagwarmaya da "cikin ta'addi na art", wani samfurin da aka bada shawarar ya dauki Faransa Kwata functionalism. Saboda haka akwai sanannen Cheryomushki, kamar yadda wani misali da wani sabon rai yanayi. A farkon kwata mun zama abubuwa na zaman jama'a ababen more rayuwa da kuma gine-gine dole ne samar da wani m yanki da mazaunin.

Architecture 60-80s

Tun da marigayi 60-ies fara wani m kwarara-line yi misali da gidaje. A duk cikin birane da garuruwa na Tarayyar Soviet akwai gidaje daga hadedde kankare bayani. Construction ne azumi, mutane samun Apartments. Amma yin amfani da da kalmar "architecture" da gini ne da wuya, tun da ginin shi gaba daya featureless da kuma uniform. Saboda haka gine na Soviet gundumar na misali zane a kowane birni ya kasance kamar biyu Peas a kwafsa kama da sauran ƙauyuka. Shi ke nan game da shi, kuma ya yi dariya fim darektan Eldar Ryazanov a cikin film "irony na Fate." The m yi da kuma yaki da gine-gine da extravagances ya kai ga gaskiya cewa 80 ga watan shekara na sabon abu na Soviet gine juya a cikin kome. Hakika, akwai wasu halittawa da kuma gine-gine na kirki da hankali, amma sauran gine-gine da ke cikin zurfin rikicin. Sha'awa, mai rai gine-gine da kerawa yayin da motsi daga manya larduna da kuma tarayyar.

"Takarda" architecture

A cikin 80s, a lokacin da hukuma gine na Soviet lokaci a cikin rikicin, akwai sabon abu sabon abu. Sun gine-ginen a lokacin ba zai iya count ba kawai a kan aiwatar da su ideas, amma ko da a kan su fitarwa. Saboda haka, suka halitta ayyukan a cikin takarda, sukan aika da su zuwa kasashen waje daban-daban gasa da kuma lashe kyaututtuka. A wannan yanki tasowa a tsaran kyau gine-ginen. Shin cikin wadanda suka kafa motsi A. Brodsky, I. Utkin, Mikhail Belov, Yu AVVAKUMOV, M. Kharitonov. The gine-ginen ɓullo da nasu salon na gabatar da ra'ayoyi. Tun da sun kasance m cewa ayyukan ba za a gane, sun mayar da hankali a kan gani gabatar da ra'ayi. Yawancin wadannan gine-ginen da aka yi wahayi zuwa da ra'ayoyi na tsufa, ko sau da yawa haifar da futuristic kayayyaki.

A mafi kyau gine-ginen da Tarayyar Soviet

Soviet gine a farkon rabin ta tarihi ɓullo da godiya ga kerawa na gine-ginen da suka yi karatu da kuma samar da ko da a fadar sau. Da zarar wannan zamani ne tafi, akwai zo da wani taƙaitaccen lokaci na kwantar da hankula. Amma nan da nan tsiro sabon rukuni na gine-ginen da suka kawo sabon tunani da sabuwar kalubalen. Wasu daga cikin mafi kyau gine-ginen da Tarayyar Soviet masana sanyã K. Melnikova, V. Tatlin, A. Shchusev. Wadannan constructivists dokoki a real girman kai na kasar mu a cikin duniya gine. Shi ne kuma a cikin mafi kyau a cikin gida gine ne N. Ladovsky, Rerberg, Vesnin 'yan'uwa, Alexander Krasovsky. Great taimako ga samuwar wani image na da yawa Soviet birane da I. Zholtovsky, VN Semenov, AN Dokuchaev lofan B., B. Krinsky. A Soviet sau, mun kafa wani m wanda yana da damar canza post-Soviet sarari bayan da sake fasalin kudin. Daga cikin su shi ne daraja ambata Utkin, A. Brodsky, Yuri Grigoryan.

ban sha'awa facts

Soviet-zamanin gine ne cike da ban sha'awa abubuwa da kuma facts. Saboda haka, zagaye gidan K. Melnikov ne daya daga cikin mafi kyau a duniya Constructivist Monuments. Fice duniya m Le Korbyuze ziyarci Moscow sau uku, wahayi zuwa gare su sabon ideas. A 30s babbar aikin na Soviet gine da aka halitta - da Palace na Soviets, wanda tsayinsa ya zama mita 400, 100 benaye. Don aiwatar da shi, shi da aka nike tashi da Kristi Mai-Ceto Cathedral, amma na gane da shirin da aka ba.