Tectonics - da kimiyya na abin? Global tectonics. Tectonics a Architecture

Tectonics - wani reshe na binciken kasa da karatu da tsarin da ɓawon burodi da kuma motsi na lithospheric faranti. Amma shi ne don haka m, shi taka muhimmiyar rawa a sauran Duniya kimiyyar. Ana amfani da gine-gine, tectonics, geochemistry, seismology, nazarin volcanoes da kuma wasu yankunan.

kimiyya tectonics

Tectonics - kimiyya da aka gwada da matasa, an karatu da motsi na lithospheric faranti. Domin da farko lokacin da ra'ayin da motsi na faranti a cikin gantali ka'idar bayyana ta Alfred Wegener, da nahiyoyi a cikin 20-ies na XX karni. Amma ta ci gaba da shi ya samu kawai a 60-ies na XX karni, bayan da taimako na gudanar da bincike a kan nahiyoyi, kuma tẽku bene. A sakamakon abu da aka yarda ya dauki wani sabon look at baya data kasance ka'idar. A ka'idar lithospheric faranti ya bayyana a sakamakon ci gaban da ra'ayoyi na nahiyar gantali ka'idar, geosyncline jarrabawa da kuma contractions.

Tectonics - da kimiyya da karatu da ƙarfi, kuma yanayin da sojojin da siffar da duwãtsu, Mash irin a folds, budewa da ɓawon burodi. Shi ne tushen duk ma'aunan kasa tafiyar matakai abin da ke faruwa a duniya.

ƙanƙancewa jarrabawa

Ƙanƙancewa jarrabawa da aka sa a gaba ta hanyar fanning binciken kasa Elie de Beaumont a 1829 a wani taro na Faransa Academy of Sciences. Ya yi bayani game da matakai na dutsen samuwar kuma nadawa ta duniya ɓawon burodi a karkashin sakamakon rage girma na Duniya saboda da sanyaya. Dalili na jarrabawa kafa misali na Kant da Laplace a kan primary rashin tsoro ruwa jihar na Duniya da kuma ta kara sanyaya. Saboda haka, tafiyar matakai na nadawa da kuma dutsen gini bayyana a matsayin matakai crustal matsawa. A nan gaba, sanyaya sauka, da Duniya rage da kundinta da kuma alagammana creases.

A ƙanƙancewa tectonics, wanda ya tabbatar da dalilin da sabon rukunan geosynclines da m tsarin da Duniya ta ɓawon burodi ya zama m msar tambayar dalilin kara raya kimiyya.

ka'idar geosynclines

Yana wanzu a nuna na marigayi XIX da farkon XX ƙarni. Ya yi bayani game da tectonic matakai na cyclical oscillation ƙungiyoyi na duniya ta ɓawon burodi.

Geologists da hankali da aka kõma zuwa ga gaskiya cewa kankara iya karya horizontally da kuma tura. Horizontally bedded kankara kwashe su a kai da dandamali, da kuma tura - cikin Musulunci yankin.

Geosynclines Bisa ga ka'idar, a farko saboda tectonic matakai aiki deflection ya auku, ragewan na ɓawon burodi. Wannan tsari sa a cikin halakar da hazo da kuma samuwar wani lokacin farin ciki Layer laka. Daga baya aiwatar da dutsen samuwar da kuma bayyanar nadawa. A kimomi geosynclinal gwamnatin zo dandali, wanda aka halin negligible tectonic ƙungiyoyi don samar da kananan damar sedimentary kankara. A karshe mataki - mataki na samuwar nahiyar.

Kusan shekaru 100 da mamaye geosynclinal tectonics. Geology a lokacin da aka fuskantar mai karancin gaskiyane abu, baya tattara bayanai kai ga halittar wani sabon ka'idar.

A ka'idar lithospheric faranti

Tectonics - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin wurare na binciken kasa, wanda ya kafa tushen da zamani ka'idar da motsi na lithospheric faranti.

Kamar yadda ka'idar da lithospheric faranti, kashi na ɓawon burodi - lithospheric faranti da suke a ci gaba da motsi. Su motsi faruwa zumunta da juna. A yankunan crustal tsawo (tsakiyar teku ridges da kuma nahiyar fadace fadace) kafa Oceanic ɓawon burodi (spreydinga zone). A yankunan nutsewa tubalan na ɓawon burodi ne tunawa tsohon haushi, kazalika da nutsewa a karkashin teku nahiyar (subduction). Har ila yau a cikin tsarin na ka'idar bayyana Sanadin girgizar asa, dutsen gini da volcanic aiki.

Global farantin tectonics hada da irin wannan key Concepts kamar yadda geodynamic saitin. An halin da wani sa na ma'aunan kasa tafiyar matakai, a cikin wannan ƙasa, a wani lokaci na yanki lokaci. Domin wannan geodynamic yanayin halin da wannan yanki tafiyar matakai.

A tsarin da duniya

Tectonics - wani reshe na binciken kasa da karatu da tsarin da duniya duniya. Duniya wajen yana cikin siffar wani mĩƙe ellipsoid kuma kunshi dama bawo (yadudduka).

A tsarin da ƙasa akwai wadannan yadudduka:

1. A duniya ta ɓawon burodi.
2. Alkyabba.
3. Core.

Ɓawon burodi - wani m m Layer na ƙasa ne, an rabu da iyaka da alkyabbar, da ake kira mai surface Mohorovicha.

Alkyabbar, bi da bi, ya kasu cikin manya da ƙananan. Iyaka tsakanin yadudduka alkyabbar Layer ne Golicina. A duniya ta ɓawon burodi da kuma na sama alkyabbar asthenosphere to sun hada da Duniya ta lithosphere.

A core ne tsakiyar duniya ne rabu da alkyabbar iyaka Gutenberg. An kasu kashi na waje ruwa da kuma m ciki core, a mika mulki zone therebetween.

A tsarin da Duniya ta ɓawon burodi

A tsarin da duniya ta ɓawon burodi yana da wani kai tsaye hali a kan kimiyya tectonics. Geology nazarin ba kawai tafiyar matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin hanjinsu na duniya, amma kuma da tsarin.

The Earth ta ɓawon burodi - ne na sama na lithosphere ne m m harsashi na Duniya, da aka hada da jinsuna daban shi jiki da kuma sinadaran abun da ke ciki. Physicochemical sigogi akwai rabo a cikin uku yadudduka:

1. Basalt.
2. Dutse-gneiss.
3. Laka.

Kamar yadda akwai wani rabo a cikin tsarin da ɓawon burodi. Akwai hudu main iri na duniya ta ɓawon burodi:

1. Continental.
2. Oceanic.
3. Subcontinental.
4. Suboceanic.

A nahiyar ɓawon burodi da aka wakilta duk uku yadudduka, iyãwarsa dabam daga 35 zuwa 75 km. A babba, laka, ɓullo yadu, amma yawanci yana da kananan iya aiki. A na gaba Layer, dutse-gneiss, yana da wani matsakaicin iya aiki. The uku Layer, basalt, hada da metamorphic kankara.

A Oceanic ɓawon burodi da aka wakilta biyu yadudduka - sedimentary da basaltic, da ikon shi ne 5-20 km.

Subcontinental ɓawon burodi kamar nahiyar, kunshi uku yadudduka. Bambanci ne cewa da ikon dutse-gneiss Layer a cikin subcontinental ɓawon burodi ne da yawa kasa. Wannan irin ɓawon burodi da aka samu a kan iyakar nahiyar zuwa cikin teku, a yankin na aiki volcanism.

Sub-Oceanic ɓawon burodi ne kusa da teku. A bambanci shi ne ikon da laka iya isa 25 km. Wannan irin ɓawon burodi da aka ƙare zuwa zurfin kududdufai na ɓawon burodi (da m teku).

lithospheric farantin

Lithospheric faranti - wata babbar crustal tubalan cewa wani bangare ne na lithosphere. Faranti ne m zumunta ga juna a cikin babba alkyabbar - astenosphere. Rabu da juna ta hanyar faranti mahara, tsakiyar teku ridges da dutsen jeri. A halayyar alama na lithospheric faranti ne cewa su sami damar kula rigidity, tsari da kuma tsarin na dogon lokaci.

Tectonics na Duniya ya ce lithospheric faranti ne a akai motsi. Tun da sun canza kwane-kwane na da nassi na lokaci - iya crack, ko kuma girma tare. Don kwanan wata, shi kasaftawa 14 babbar lithospheric faranti.

farantin tectonics

Kan aiwatar da kafa wani waje siffar na Duniya da aka kai tsaye nasaba da farantin tectonics. Tectonics na duniya yana nufin cewa akwai wani motsi ba na nahiyoyi da kuma tectonic faranti. Suna fuskantar juna, suka samar da dutsen jeri ko zurfin Oceanic ramuka. Da raurawar asa da volcanic eruptions ne sakamakon da motsi na lithospheric faranti. Active ma'aunan kasa aiki ne tsare yafi gefuna wadannan tsarin.

The motsi na lithosphere faranti da ake gyarawa da taimakon da tauraron dan adam, amma yanayi da kuma tsarin ba da wannan tsari har yanzu ya kasance wani asiri.

tectonics teku

A tekuna da hazo jari da kuma lalata matakai ne jinkirin a cikin yanayi, don haka tectonic ƙungiyoyi ake nuna a cikin sauƙi da kyau. kasa topography ne wuya dissected tsarin. Tectonic rarrabe Tsarin kafa a sakamakon tsaye ƙungiyoyi daga cikin ɓawon burodi, da kuma tsarin samu saboda kwance ƙungiyoyi.

Don tsarin da teku bene ne irin siffofin da taimako, a matsayin abyssal tuddanta, Oceanic daruna da kuma tsakiyar teku ridges. A hollows yanki mu ayan da m tectonic halin da ake ciki a yankin na tsakiyar teku ridges lura tectonic aiki ta duniya ɓawon burodi.

Tectonics teku har yanzu ya hada da Tsarin kamar ramuka, Oceanic duwãtsu, kuma Pierre Guyotat.

Dalilan da motsi faranti

A tuki da karfi ne ma'aunan kasa tectonics na duniya. Babban dalilin da farantin motsi ne alkyabbar convection igiyoyin halitta teplogravitatsionnymi alkyabba. Wannan na faruwa saboda da yawan zafin jiki bambanci tsakanin surface da kuma tsakiyar duniya. Ciki da kankara ne mai tsanani, akwai su fadada da kuma karu a yawa. Light kasarun adadi fara fito fili, kuma a cikin wurin saukar sanyi da kuma nauyi taro. zafi canja wuri tsari faruwa ci gaba.

The motsi na faranti har yanzu suna murna dalilai. Alal misali, a yankunan astenosphere hawa igiyoyin ne tãyar da yankunan a nutsewa - saukar da. Saboda haka, a gangara da wani tsari na "nauyi" slipping lithospheric faranti. Tasiri da kuma subduction zones inda mai tsanani sanyi da kuma shafe tsawon Oceanic ɓawon burodi a karkashin nahiyar zafi.

Ikon astenosphere karkashin nahiyoyi muhimmanci kasa, da kuma wani danko mafi girma daga ƙarƙashin teku. A karkashin tsoho sassa na nahiyoyi da asthenosphere ne kusan wadanda ba babu, don haka a wadannan wurare ba su matsawa kuma zauna a wurin. Kuma tun da lithospheric farantin hada da nahiyar da kuma Oceanic bangare, gaban tsoho nahiyar bangare zai hana motsi na farantin. Movement tsarki Oceanic faranti sauri fiye da gauraye, har ma fiye da nahiyar.

Sassan da kai ga da motsi na da faranti, da yawa conventionally iya ware a cikin ƙungiyõyi biyu:

1. A sunadaran cewa matsawa karkashin mataki na alkyabbar da ya kwarara.
2. A sunadaran da hannu a cikin aikace-aikace na sojojin da gefuna da faranti.

A hade da matakai tuki dakarun nuna overall geodynamic aiwatar da cewa, ta yalwaci dukan yadudduka na Duniya.

Architecture da Tectonics

Tectonics - shi ne ba wai kawai wata zalla ma'aunan kasa kimiyya hade da matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin duniya a ciki. Ana amfani da a rayuwar yau da kullum. A musamman, shi ya shafi tectonics a gine da kuma gina wani Tsarin, ko gine-gine, da gadoji, ko karkashin kasa da Tsarin. Ga karya tushen da dokoki na makanikai. A wannan yanayin, da tectonics nufin mataki na karfin da kwanciyar hankali na tsarin a ba yankin.

A ka'idar ba bayyana lithospheric faranti saboda da motsi na faranti zurfi matakai. Muna bukatar wani ka'idar cewa zai bayyana ba kawai tsarin da kuma motsi na lithospheric faranti, amma kuma da matakai abin da ke faruwa a ciki da Duniya. A ci gaba da wannan ka'ida ne related to tarayya na kwararru kamar geologists dukiya, geographers, lissafin kimiyya, lissafi, chemists da yawa wasu.