Neuron aiki. Abin da aikin da aka yi da neurons. Motor neuron aiki

Da ikon na sel don amsa ga samuwar kasashe na waje duniya - ainihin rarrabẽwa na wani rai gabar. A tsarin abubuwa na juyayi nama - neurons a dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma mutumin - iya canza samuwar kasashe (haske, wari, sauti tãguwar ruwa) a cikin zumudi tsari. Ya karshe sakamakon - wani isasshen dauki na jiki a mayar da martani ga daban-daban muhalli tasiri. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bincika abin da aikin da aka yi da neurons a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma na gefe m tsarin, kazalika da la'akari da rarrabuwa na neurons saboda da peculiarities na aiki a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Da samuwar m nama

Kafin binciko aiki na neuron, bari mu ga yadda za nau'i-neurocytes Kwayoyin. A neurula mataki, tayi da aka aza na tsarin jijiya tube. An kafa daga ectodermal takardar ciwon thickening - na tsarin jijiya farantin. Advanced ƙarshen tube samar da wata kara biyar sassa a cikin nau'i na kumfa kwakwalwa. Daga cikin wadannan, kafa sassa na kwakwalwa. Babban ɓangare na na tsarin jijiya tube a lokacin da amfrayo ci gaban siffofin da laka, daga wanda kara da biyu daga 31 jijiyoyi.

cerebral neurons ake hada ta samar da wata cibiya. Sun yi 12 nau'i-nau'i daga girman kwanyar jijiyoyi. A cikin mutum juyayi tsarin da aka bambanta a cikin wani tsakiya sashen - kwakwalwa da kuma laka, kunsha na neurocytes Kwayoyin da kuma goyon bayan nama - glia. Gefe Division kunshi da somatic da autonomic sassa. Su jijiyoyi innervate duk gabobin da kyallen takarda na jiki.

Neurons - tsarin naúrar na juyayi tsarin

Sun bambanta a size, siffar da dukiyoyinsu. neuron ayyuka ne da yawa: shiga a cikin samuwar na tsarin jijiya haihuwarka, da ji na samuwar kasashe daga waje muhalli, da canja wurin da zumudi tasowa zuwa wasu Kwayoyin. Daga neuron tafi da dama tafiyar matakai. Long - axon da takaice rassan kira dendrites.

Cytological jarrabawa ya saukar a cikin jiki na jijiya cell tsakiya tare da daya - biyu nucleoli, da-kafa endoplasmic reticulum, da yawa mitochondria da wani iko da furotin-rairaya na'ura. Ya aka wakilta ribosomes da RNA kwayoyin da RNAi. Wadannan abubuwa samar da wata takamaiman tsarin neurocytes - Nissl abu. Feature jijiya Kwayoyin - babban adadin matakai na taimaka wa gaskiya cewa primary aiki na neuron - watsa daga jijiyar. Yana aka bayar a matsayin dendrites da axons. A farko sami sakonni da kuma aika su zuwa ga jiki neurocyte da axon - guda sosai tsawon tsari, gudanar da agitation for wani m kletkam.Prodolzhaya sami amsar tambayar nan: Menene neurons dubi tsarin da wani abu kamar neuroglia.

A tsarin da juyayi nama

Neurocytes suna kewaye da wani musamman kayan, wanda aka halin da goyon bayan da kuma m Properties. Ga shi, kamar yadda halayyar ikon raba. Wannan fili an kira neuroglia.

Wannan tsari ne a hankali related to jijiya Kwayoyin. Tun da babban aiki na neuron - shi ne tsara da kuma aiwatar da jijiyar, glial Kwayoyin cewa ana fama da aiwatar da zumudi da kuma canza su da wutar lantarki, halaye. Bugu da ƙari trophic da m ayyuka glia samar da rayuwa a cikin halayen neurocytes da kuma taimaka wa plasticity na juyayi nama.

Ginshikai na zumudi a neurons

Kowane jijiya cell suranta dama dubu lambobi da sauran neurocytes. A lantarki hatsaisai cewa su ne tushen zumudi matakai suna canjawa wuri daga cell jiki tare da axon, yayin da shi ne a lamba tare da sauran tsarin abubuwa na juyayi nama ko shiga kai tsaye a cikin aiki jiki, misali a tsoka. Domin sanin abin da aikin da aka yi da neurons bukatar nazarin inji na zumudi canja wuri. Ya kwashe axons. The mota jijiyoyi aka rufe da myelin daina kai hare hare, an kira myelinated. A autonomic juyayi tsarin ne unmyelinated tafiyar matakai. A cewar shi da zumudi bukatar ya je makwabtaka da neuron.

Mene ne wani synapse

The lamba na biyu Kwayoyin aka kira wani synapse. Canja wurin zumudi yakan faru a cikin shi, ko amfani da sinadarai - shiga tsakani, ko da nassi na ions daga daya neuron zuwa wani, Ina nufin lantarki hatsaisai.

Saboda samuwar synapses neurons ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa tsarin da akwati rabo daga kwakwalwa da kuma laka. Shi ne ake kira da reticular samuwar, fara daga ƙananan ɓangare na medulla oblongata da kuma na kama da brainstem nuclei, ko kwakwalwa neurons. Meshwork kula da wani aiki jihar na cerebral bawo da kuma kaiwa da reflex ayyukan da laka.

wucin gadi hankali

A ra'ayin na synaptic sadarwa tsakanin neurons na tsakiya m tsarin da kuma nazari na ayyuka na reticular bayanai yanzu aiwatuwa a cikin wani nau'i na kimiyya na wucin gadi na tsarin jijiya cibiyar sadarwa. Yana jimloli na wucin gadi jijiya Kwayoyin haɗa da bayanai na wasu musamman sadarwa, m synapses tare da su real ayyuka. Rayar da aiki na neuron wucin gadi neurocomputer - a summation dukkan shigar da sakonni zuwa wani wucin gadi jijiya cell, tuba zuwa ga wani ba mikakke aiki na mikakke bangaren. Haka kuma an kira da mayar da martani aiki (canja wurin). A lokacin da samar da wucin gadi m mafi yadu amfani mikakke, semilinear da matakai na neuron kunnawa aiki.

afferent neurocytes

Suna kuma kira m, kuma suna da gajeren spines, wanda wani bangare ne na fata cell da duk kayan ciki (rabe). Hangula gabansa da na waje muhalli, su rabe canza a cikin zumudi tsari. Dangane da irin kara kuzari, da jijiya endings kasu kashi: thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors. Saboda haka, aikin na azanci shine neurons - da ji na kasashe, su nuna bambanci, da ƙarni na zumudi da kuma canja wurin shi a cikin tsakiyar m tsarin. Azanci shine neurons suna kunshe a cikin na baya zankayen laka. Jikinsu suna located in shafukan (ganglia) located a waje da tsakiya m tsarin. Kamar wancan kafa ganglia na girman kwanyar da kuma kashin baya jijiyoyi. Afferent neurons da manyan yawan dendrites, axons kuma tare da jiki, su ne wani muhimmin bangaren da reflex arcs. Saboda haka, m neuron ayyuka ne a aiwatar da canja wurin da zumudi a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma laka, da kuma a cikin takara a samuwar reflexes.

Features interneuron

Ci gaba da karatu da kaddarorin tsarin abubuwa na juyayi nama, gano abin da aikin da aka yi da intercalary neurons. Wannan irin na tsarin jijiya Kwayoyin daukan bioelectric hatsaisai daga haska kuma watsa su neurocyte:

a) da sauran interneurons.

b) motor neurocytes.

Mai interneurons da axons, karshen rabo daga abin da - da m dangantaka da neurocytes na cibiyar.

Neurons wanda aiki - hadewa da zumudi da kuma yada ta fi a sassa na tsakiya m tsarin, suna da wani muhimmanci bangaren da mafi unconditioned reflex da sharadi reflex jijiya arcs. Excitatory interneurons sauƙaƙe siginar watsa tsakanin aikin kungiyoyin na neurocytes. Birki intercalary jijiya Kwayoyin sami tashin hankali na da kansa cibiyar ga feedback. Wannan na tabbatar da cewa neurons wanda aiki - dogon lokacin da adana da kuma watsa jijiyar, damar kunnawa da azanci shine kashin baya jijiyoyi.

Motor neuron aiki

Motoneurons ne karshe gini block na reflex baka. Ya mai girma jiki, ya kammala a gaban laka ƙahoni. Wadanda neurons cewa innervate da kwarangwal tsokoki, su ne sunayen wadannan motor abubuwa. Sauran efferent neurocytes kunshe a cikin secreting gland shine yake Kwayoyin kuma sa a saki dacewa abubuwa: asirin ji ba gani. A involuntary, cewa shi ne unconditioned reflex ayyukan (hadiya, salivation, defecation) efferent neurons mika daga laka ko kwakwalwa kara. Don yin hadaddun ayyuka da kuma ƙungiyoyi da na jiki yana amfani da iri biyu centrifugal neurocytes: tsakiya da kuma na gefe mota mota. da tsakiyar jiki ne mai mota neuron a cerebral bawo, kusa rolandovoy kwarin kunya.

A jikin gefe motor neurocytes, innervating tsokoki na wata gabar jiki, akwati, wuyansa, dake a cikin agara zankayen laka, kuma su dogon matakai - axons - daga cikin agara asalinsu. Sun samar da zaruruwa motor 31 nau'i-nau'i daga kashin baya jijiyoyi. Gefe motor neurocytes, innervating tsokoki na fuska, makogwaro, maƙogwaro, harshe, suna located a cikin nuclei na vagus, hypoglossal da glossopharyngeal girman kwanyar jijiyoyi. Saboda haka, babban aiki na mota neuron - santsi tsokoki zuwa rike da zumudi secreting Kwayoyin da sauran aiki gabobin.

Metabolism a neurocytes

Babban ayyuka na neuron - samuwar bioelectrical mataki m , kuma ta canja wuri zuwa wasu jijiya Kwayoyin, tsoka secreting Kwayoyin - neurocyte saboda tsarin fasali da kuma takamaiman rayuwa halayen. Cytological karatu sun nuna cewa neurons dauke da manyan yawa na mitochondria, ATP rairaya kwayoyin ci gaba da dama granular reticulum ribosomal barbashi. Su rayayye hada cell sunadaran. A membrane na jijiya cell da matakai - axons da dendrites yi aikin aiki na zabe kai daga kwayoyin da ions. Rayuwa a cikin halayen neurocytes faruwa tare da wani iri-iri na enzymes kuma suna da wani babban tsanani.

Transmission a synapses zumudi

La'akari da tsarin ba da zumudi na neurons, za mu dubi synapses - tsarin cewa tashi a ke dubawa na biyu neurocytes. Zumudi na farko jijiya cell sa da samuwar collaterals a axon kwayoyin Chemicals - shiga tsakani. Wadannan sun hada da amino acid, acetylcholine, norepinephrine. Tsaye daga cikin kumfa a terminations na synoptic synoptic tsaguwa, da shi na iya shafar biyu da nasu postsynaptic membrane da shafi harsashi makwabtaka neurons.

Kwayar Komayya neurotransmitters ne wani irritant zuwa wasu jijiya Kwayoyin, haifar da membrane cajin canje-canje - da mataki m. Saboda haka, tashin hankali da sauri shimfidawa tare jijiya zaruruwa kuma ya kai tsakiya m tsarin, ko ke da tsokoki da kuma gland, haddasa su zuwa dace mataki.

neuronal plasticity

Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa a cikin aiwatar da embryogenesis, wato a mataki na neurulation, da ectoderm na bunkasa sosai manyan yawan farko neurons. Game da 65% na su mutu tun kafin haihuwa. A lokacin yanayin halitta na juya na wasu kwakwalwa Kwayoyin ci gaba da za a shafe ta. Wannan abu ne na halitta aiwatar da kaddara. Neurocytes, sabanin epithelial ko connective Kwayoyin suna iya raba da regenerate, tun da genes alhakin wadannan matakai suna inactivated a chromosomes na mutum. Duk da haka, kwakwalwa da hankulansu yi iya dage domin shekaru masu yawa, aka ba muhimmanci rage. Wannan shi ne saboda aikin na neurons rasa a lokacin ontogenesis, kai a wasu jijiya Kwayoyin. Bã su da su ƙarfafa metabolism da kuma haifar da ƙarin sabuwar na tsarin jijiya nasabar rama domin rasa aiki. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira plasticity neurocytes.

Wanda aka nuna a cikin neurons

A karshen karni na ashirin, wani rukuni na Italian neurophysiologists ya kafa wani ban sha'awa gaskiya: a cikin jijiya Kwayoyin iya madubi image sani. Wannan yana nufin cewa cerebral bawo ne kafa fatalwa sani na mutanen da muke sadarwa. Kunshe a cikin madubi tsarin neurons aiki a matsayin resonators shafi tunanin mutum aiki na mutanen da ke kewaye da su. Saboda haka, mutum ne iya jira nufen interlocutor. A tsarin wannan neurocytes kuma samar da musamman m sabon abu kira empathy. An halin da ikon shiga cikin duniya wani mutum ta motsin zuciyarmu da kuma empathize tare da ji.