Tasirin alloying abubuwa a kan kaddarorin karfe. Nau'in, brands da kuma ganawa da aka

Karfe - daya daga cikin mafi nemi-bayan kayan a duniya a yau. Ba tare da shi da wuya su yi tunanin wani data kasance yi site, inji-gini Enterprises, da kuma wasu wurare, da kuma abubuwan da cewa kewaye da mu a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum. A lokaci guda, gami da na baƙin ƙarfe, da carbon ne quite daban-daban., Saboda a wannan labarin, za mu bincika sakamako na alloying abubuwa a kan kaddarorin karfe, kazalika ta daban, brands da kuma inda ake nufi.

janar bayanai

Yau, da yawa brands sun zama yadu a yi amfani da kusan kowane bigiren mutum aiki. Wannan shi ne sun fi mayar saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin wannan gami optimally hadawa a dukan kewayon inji, ta jiki, sinadaran da fasaha Properties, wanda ba su da wani sauran abu. steelmaking tsari ne kullum ana inganta da kuma saboda da kaddarorin da kuma ingancin ba da damar zuwa samu da ake so yi na cikin sakamakon a sakamakon sunadaran, aka gyara da kuma inji.

Rarrabuwa da manufar

Kowane karfe, dangane da manufa ga abin da aka halitta, a kan wani m-akai za a iya ranked a cikin daya daga cikin wadannan Categories:

• Tsarin.
• Instrumental.
• Manufa ta musamman tare da musamman Properties.

A mafi yawa aji - tsarin karfe, tsara don wani iri-iri na ginin Tsarin, na'urorin, inji. Yi alama raba kan inganta, carburized, spring-spring, high ƙarfi.

Tool steels suna bambanta dangane da ko suna kerarre zuwa kayan aiki: sabon, ji, da dai sauransu Yana fada ba cewa sakamakon alloying abubuwa a kan kaddarorin da karfe wannan kungiya shi ne ma manyan ...

Special steels da su division, wanda ya hada da wadannan kungiyoyin:

• Bakin karfe (kuma aka sani da lalata).
• Heat-resistant.
• Heat-resistant.
• Banana.

karfe kungiyar a sinadaran abun da ke ciki

Bayyana rarrabuwa karfe dangane bijiro da batun kafa sinadaran aka gyara:

• Carbon karfe maki.
• Doped.

Kamar wancan ne wadannan kungiyoyin biyu ne kara raba da adadin na ko da carbon žunsa zuwa:

• Low carbon (kasa da 0.3% carbon).
• Na matsakaici (maida hankali carbon ne 0.3 - 0.7%).
• High-carbon (fiye da 0.7% carbon).

Mene ne gami karfe?

A karkashin wannan definition, shi ya kamata a fahimci karfe wanda ya ƙunshi, a layi daya tare da m impurities, ko Additives gabatar a cikin gami tsarin ƙara da inji Properties daga cikin sakamakon kyakkyawan uwãyensu ne.

A 'yan kalmomi game da ingancin karfe

Wannan siga aka bai gami nufi da wani sa na Properties, wanda bi da bi ne ya sa ta ta samar da tsari da kanta. Domin irin wannan halaye, wanda su ne batun da alloyed kayan aiki steels ne:

• Chemical abun da ke ciki.
• Uniformity tsarin.
• Processability.
• Inji Properties.

A ingancin wani karfe ya dogara da nawa oxygen yana kunshe ne a cikin shi, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur da phosphorus. Shi ne kuma ba na karshe rawa ta hanyar samar da karfe. A mafi m cikin sharuddan da ake so a hankali ahankali popadniya iyaka ne soposob a steelmaking Tanderu.

Gami karfe da kuma canza da kaddarorin

Gami karfe wanda ya ƙunshi a da iri alama harafi zane-zane da gudanar da qarfi kashi canjãwa da kaddarorin, ba kawai daga wadannan waje jamiái, amma kuma na juna mataki tsakanin su.

Idan muka yi la'akari da musamman da carbon, da alloying abubuwa a kan hulda da su za a iya raba biyu manyan kungiyoyin:

• The abubuwa wanda ya samar da wani sinadaran fili tare da carbon (carbide) - molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, manganese.
• The abubuwa ba su halicci carbide - silicon, aluminum da kuma nickel.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa karfe, wanda ake doped karbidobrazuyuschimi abubuwa da sosai high taurin kuma Ya ƙãra lalacewa juriya.

A low gami karfe (iri: 20HGS2, 09G2, 12G2SMF, 12HGN2MFBAYU da sauransu). Yana bautarka wani wuri na musamman gami 13X, wanda da wuya isasshen domin samar da ya tiyata, engraving, kayan ado kayan aiki, Rezoji.

kwafi

Da abun ciki na alloying abubuwa a cikin karfe za a iya ƙaddara daga ta lakabin. Kowace daga cikin wadannan aka gyara gabatar a cikin gami yana da ganewa wasika. Ga misali:

• Chromium - Cr.
• Vanadium -V.
• Manganese -Mn.
• Niobium - NB.
• Tungsten -W.
• Titanium - Ti.

Wani lokaci a farkon index na karfe sa ne da haruffa. Kowace daga cikinsu daukawa musamman ma'anar. A musamman, harafin "P" yana nufin cewa karfe ne a high gudun, "W" na nuna cewa karfe ball-hali, "A" - automaton, "E" - .. Electrotechnical da dai sauransu High quality steels da a su alphanumeric nadi a karshen harafin "a" da kuma musamman ingancin dauke da harafin "W" a ƙarshen alama.

A tasiri na alloying abubuwa

Da farko, dole ne a ce cewa da muhimman hakkokin tasiri carbon yana a kan kaddarorin karfe. Shi ne wannan kashi na samar da karuwa a cikin taro tare da karuwa a ƙarfi ne, kuma taurin a ƙananan danko da kuma plasticity. Bugu da ƙari, ta ƙara carbon taro na tabbatar da tabarbarewar machinability.

A chromium abun ciki a cikin karfe kai tsaye shafi ta lalata juriya. Wannan sinadari siffofin a kan gami surface a wani m oxidizing yanayi, bakin ciki m oxide fim. Duk da haka, a cimma wannan sakamako a karfe chromium ya kamata a kalla 11,7%.

Musamman hankali ya kamata a aluminum. Ana amfani da a karfe alloying tsari ga cire oxygen da kuma nitrogen, bayan watsi da, domin ba da gudummawa ga rage gami tsufa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, aluminum ƙwarai inganta da tauri da kuma fluidity warkar musamman masi sakamako phosphorus.

Vanadium - shi ne na musamman alloying kashi, inda gami kayan aiki karfe samun high taurin da kuma ƙarfi. A gami hatsi tayi ƙaruwa yawa.

Gami karfe, wanda alamomi dauke da tungsten, bai wa m taurin da kuma ja daga bãyan wancan. Tungsten ne ma mai kyau a cewa da shi da gusar da brittleness na gami a lokacin da za'a hutu.

Don kara zafi juriya, Magnetic Properties da wani gagarumin jure tasiri lodi karfe alloyed da cobalt. Amma daya daga cikin wadanda abubuwa da ba su bayyana ga da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan karfe, shi ne silicon. Duk da haka, a cikin wadanda steels, wanda aka yi nufi ga welded karfe, da maida hankali silicon dole ne dole ka kasance cikin 0.12-0.25%.

Abu mai muhimmanci inganta inji Properties na karfe da magnesium. Haka kuma an yi amfani da matsayin desulfurization wakili a cikin hali na yin amfani da vnedomennoy desulphurization.

A low gami karfe (alama ta ƙunshi alloying abubuwa kasa da 2.5%) sau da yawa ya ƙunshi manganese, wanda ya samar da shi tare da wani zama dole karuwa a taurin, abrasion juriya, yayin da rike da mafi kyau duka plasticity. Amma da taro na wannan kashi ya zama fiye da 1%, ko ba za a iya cimma wadannan kaddarorin.

Carbon karfe sa fusible ga wani babban-sikelin ginin Tsarin dauke da jan karfe, wanda ya samar da matsakaicin anticorrosion Properties.

Don ƙara ja taurin, elasticity, tensile ƙarfi kuma tensile jure lalata a karfe dole gudanar molybdenum, wanda kuma kara qara jure hadawan abu da iskar shaka da karfe idan ya kona zuwa high zafin jiki halaye. Bi da bi, cerium da neodymium, ana amfani da su rage porosity na gami.

Idan akai la'akari da sakamako na alloying abubuwa a kan kaddarorin karfe ba za a iya watsi da kuma nickel. Wannan damar da karfe don karɓar karfe hardenability da kyau kwarai ƙarfi, ductility da kuma tasiri jure kara da ƙananan iyaka da sanyi brittleness.

Very yadu amfani da wani dopant, kuma niobium. Its taro a 6-10 sau da yawa ake bukata prisutsvtuyuschego carbon a cikin gami, da gusar da intergranular lalata da bakin steels da kuma kare Weld gidajen abinci daga musamman a ke so, halakarwa.

Titanium ba ka damar samun da ganiya yi na wani ƙarfi, kuma ductility, kazalika da inganta da lalata juriya. Wadanda karfe, wanda yana dauke da ƙari, sosai da fallasa su daban-daban aiki kayan aikin, manufa ta musamman a kan zamani inji kayayyakin aiki.

Gabatarwa na zirconium gami karfe damar zuwa samu da ake so hatsi size idan ya cancanta, kuma zuwa tasiri da shi a cikin hatsi girma.

biyo baya impurities

Musamman a ke so abubuwa da cewa suna sosai barnatar da shafi ingancin da karfe ne arsenic, tin, antimony. Su bayyanar a cikin gami da yaushe yana sa da karfe zama sosai gaggautsa a iyakokin su hatsi, musamman a lokacin da rollback karfe tube da kuma a lokacin annealing na low carbon steels.

ƙarshe

A zamaninmu, rinjayar alloying abubuwa a kan kaddarorin ya sami quite da kyau a san. Masana a hankali bincikar da tasirin kowane ƙari a cikin gami. A msar tambayar ilmi sa da metallurgists da a cikin tsari da zamani ta samar da wata Schematic zane na steelmaking, domin sanin yawan bukata fasaha da kuma consumable kayan (tama, tattara, katsin, da kuma sauran Additives). Mai steelmakers sau da yawa amfani da chromium, vanadium, cobalt, da kuma sauran alloying abubuwa waxanda suke da quite tsada.