Su wane ne masana kimiyya gudanar decipher Masar hieroglyphics? Yadda bijiro da asiri na kasar Masar hieroglyphics?

A al'adun da wani musamman da kuma m ilmi, da yawa daga abin da aka rasa a kan lokaci, ko ake, ɗaukar ga kabari da kambun. Daya daga cikin wadannan asirin sun Masar hieroglyphs. Mutane yi okin su warware asirin su kuna ɓata ga wannan kabarin ga kabarin. Amma shi gudanar yin shi kawai ga mutum daya. Saboda haka wanda masana kimiyya gudanar decipher Masar hieroglyphics?

Mene ne wannan?

A zamanin d Masarawa yi imani da cewa haruffa - wadannan su ne kalmomin Allah. Suka ce show kuma shiru. Wannan shi ne, suna da uku dalilai: rubuce-rubuce da kuma karatu, magana na ideas, da hanyar da yada asirin tsakanin al'ummomi.

A lokacin Tsakiya Mulkin fiye da ɗari bakwai haruffa kunshe a Masar haruffa. Haruffa da jam'i na dabi'u. Daya alamar iya kawo wani bambancin da hankali.

Bugu da kari, akwai na musamman haruffa cewa ana amfani da firistoci. Sun shiga a cikin wani uku-girma tunani siffofin.

A wannan lokacin, da haruffa sun fi muhimmanci fiye da a yau ta haruffa. Suna yaba da iko na sihiri.

Rosetta dutse

A lokacin rani na 1799 a Misira ya Napoleon da balaguro. A lokacin da digging na ramuka a kusa da garin Rosetta daga ƙasa haƙa wani babban dutse ya rufe tare da m haruffa.

Its babba part an kashe karya. Yana kiyaye haruffan shirya a goma sha huɗu layuka. Kuma, aka kore su daga hagu zuwa dama, wanda ba na hali for Gabas harsuna.

A tsakiyar ɓangare na dutse surface kunsa 32 layuka Character fita daga dama zuwa hagu. Su sun tsira mafi gaba daya.

A kasa na dutse da aka rubũtacce haruffa a cikin Girkanci harshe. Suna located in 54 layuka, amma ba a kiyaye su gaba ɗaya, saboda dutse aka kashe karya da kusurwa.

Napoleon ta jami'an gane cewa sun sanya wani muhimmin samu. Greek haruffa nan da nan canjawa wuri. Suka gaya na yanke shawarar sa firistoci ya zama masaraucin na Misira, da Girkanci Ptolemeya Epifana, a kusa da mutum-mutumi na abin bautãwa. Kuma Ka sanya haikali ranakun da aka haife shi da Accession a kan karaga. Sa'an nan kuma akwai da rubutu cewa wannan rubutu an maimaita alfarma hieroglyphics na Misira da kuma demonic haruffa. An sani cewa Ptolemey Epifan mulki 196 BC. e. Wani harafi fassara babu wanda zai iya.

A dutse da aka sanya a Masar Institute wadda Napoleon kafa a birnin Alkahira. Amma Birtaniya rundunar ci Faransa sojojin da aka karfafa a Misira. M dutse aka mika wa Birtaniya National Museum.

Da asiri na kasar Masar hieroglyphics yana da sha'awar masana kimiyya a duniya. Amma shi ba haka ba sauki sami amsar da shi.

Shapmolon daga Grenoble

A watan Disamba na 1790 aka haife ni Jacques-Fransua Shampolon. Ya girma a sosai wayo yãro, sai ya kaunace su kashe lokaci tare da wani littafi a hannunsa. A cikin shekaru biyar, ya koyar da kansa cikin haruffa da kuma koyi karatu. A 9 shekaru da haihuwa, ya kasance m in Latin kuma Helenanci.

Yaron da wani wana, da Yusufu, m game Egyptology. Da zarar 'yan'uwa da aka ziyarta prefect, inda muka ga wata tarin Masar Papyrus, scribbled m haruffa. A wannan lokacin, Champollion yanke shawarar cewa ya zai bude asiri na kasar Masar hieroglyphics.

A shekaru 13 da ya fara karatu Hebrew, da Larabci, Farisanci, 'yan Koftik, kuma Sanskrit. A lokacin da ya karatu a Lycée François na rubuta wani binciken game da Misira da Fir'auna, wanda Ya halitta a furor.

Sa'an nan wani saurayi ya dogon lokaci na nazari da kuma aiki tukuru. Ya ga wani kwafin na Rosetta Stone, wanda aka yi talauci. Kwakkwance kowane hali, shi ya wajaba a hankali duba a cikin shi.

A 1809, da makamantansu, Champollion ya zama farfesa a tarihi, a Jami'ar Grenoble. Amma a zamanin mulkin da Bourbons, ya aka fitar daga shi. A wuya shekaru na masanin kimiyyar ya yi aiki a kan unraveling da Rosetta Stone.

Ya gane cewa haruffa ne sau uku fiye da kalmomi a Greek rubuce-rubucen. Sa'an nan Champollion ziyarci da ra'ayin cewa su ne misãlin haruffa. A nan gaba aikin, da ya gane cewa Masar hieroglyphs haruffa ƙunshi uku jinsunan.

Nau'i na farko - haruffa cewa an sassaka a dutse. Sun nuna babban da kuma bayyana, tare da cikakken m portrayal.

Nau'i na biyu - hieratic haruffa cewa wakiltar guda haruffa, amma ba kamar yadda a fili wanda aka nuna. A rubutun amfani a kan Papyrus da farar ƙasa.

The uku irin - 'yan Koftik haruffa, kunsha na 24 Greek haruffa da kuma haruffa bakwai, baƙaƙe demonic haruffa.

Tips daga tsufa

Definition na Masar rubuce-rubuce, ya taimaka masana kimiyya ya kara aiki. Amma shi ya dauki shekaru domin sanin yarda da hieratic kuma yin shaidanci haruffa.

Daga cikin rubutu a cikin Girkanci, ya san inda embossed sunan Ptolemeya Epifana, wanda Masar harshen kara kamar Ptolemayos. Ya samu a tsakiyar dutse haruffa m zuwa gare shi. Sa'an nan, ya maye gurbin su da haruffa da kuma samu sakamakon haruffa a saman dutse. Ya gane cewa zamanin d Masarawa sau da yawa ya wuce wasali sauti, Saboda haka sunan Fir'auna ya kamata sauti daban-daban - Ptolmis.

A cikin hunturu 1822, Champollion samu wani batu da inscriptions a Greek da Masar harsuna. Abu ne mai sauki ya karanta sunan Sarauniya Cleopatra a Greek bangare kuma samu dace ãyõyi a rubuce-rubucen na zamanin d Misira.

Haka kuma, ya rubuta wasu sunayen - Tiberius, Germanicus, Alexander da kuma Domitian. Amma ya yi mamaki cewa babu Masar sunayen daga gare su. Sa'an nan, ya yanke shawarar cewa sunayen waje shugabanni, da ga Fir'auna karin lafazi alamomin ba amfani.

A cikin watan Satumba 1822 da masanin kimiyyar samu kwafi na inscriptions a kan garun haikalin Ramses II. Sabanin muradinsa ba don amfani da karin lafazi alamomi, ya yi kokarin warware sunan a kan lakabin. Saboda haka, halin da hali, ya samu da P-th-th-to-c. Idan ka ƙara vowels, mun samu Ramses. Ya aka buga da wannan hujja. Yanke Shawara wannan hanya don karanta kara, ya samu daya Thutmose. A hankali, da matattu haruffa zo rayuwa.

A wani m samu. Masar rubuce-rubuce da aka sauti!

The masanin kimiyyar ya gaggauta wa ɗan'uwansa zuwa bushãra da ya samu. Amma, suna ihu suna cewa: "Na sãme ta!" Suma. Kusan a makon da ya sa gajiya.

A karshen watan Satumba, Champollion ya sanar da m binciken na Faransa Academy of Sciences. Yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma nasarori da Fir'auna, game da rayuwar mutanen kasar, gaya Masar hieroglyphs. Deciphering bude wani sabon mataki a cikin Egyptology.

A karshe shekaru ransa Champollion

Champollion - wanda masana kimiyya gudanar decipher Masar hieroglyphs, ba su daina akwai. Ya tafi zuwa Italiya ga sabon abu, saboda a wannan kasa kiyaye da yawa Masar takardun.

Bayan ya dawo daga Italiya, masanin kimiyyar ya samar aikin da ya bayyana da nahawu da tsoho harshe na Misira, dauke da Masar hieroglyphics, deciphering wanda shi ne dalilin da ransa.

A 1822, ya jagoranci Champollion wani balaguro zuwa cikin kasar da pyramids. Shi ya tsufa mafarki. Ya aka buga da girma daga cikin Haikalin Hatshepsut, Dendera da Saqqara. Kwalayen, wanda aka nuna a kan su ganuwar, ya karanta da sauƙi.

Dawo daga Misira, masani, an zabe shi a Kwalejin Faransa. Ya aka fāɗin duniya gane. Amma ina jin dadin daukakar da shi ba sosai dogon. Kawai wanda ya iya decipher daga masana kimiyya Masar hieroglyphs, ya mutu a watan Maris 1832. Dubban mutane zo ce ban kwana ga shi. Aka binne shi a Père Lachaise hurumi.

Masar haruffa

A shekara bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa, wani masanin kimiyyar ya buga latest aiki, dauke da Masar hieroglyphics da translation.

Da farko, da Masar harafi zo saukar zuwa sauki zane abubuwa. Wannan shi ne duk kalmar da aka wakilta daya juna. Sa'an nan, a cikin jawo karfe suna sauti da cewa yin up da kalmar. Amma zamanin d Masarawa bai rubuta wasalai. Saboda haka, daban-daban kalmomi sukan Zagayawar daya hieroglyph. Domin su bambance-bambance na musamman na neman zuwa gasar da aka aiwatar a kusa da hali.

Rubuta zamanin d Misira kunshi fi'ili, sauti da kuma attributive haruffa. Sound alamomin kunshi dama baƙaƙe. Characters, kunsha na kowani harafi, akwai kawai 24. Sun kasance da haruffa amfani rubuta waje sunayen. Duk da wannan zama da aka sani bayan bijiro da asiri na kasar Masar hieroglyphics.

Da malaman Attaura na zamanin d Misira

Masarawa amfani Papyrus ga rubutu. Mai tushe shuka da aka yanke lengthwise da kuma aza dõmin su gefuna an dan kadan samu juna. Kamar wancan rufi dama yadudduka da kuma matsa. Sassa na shuka aka gam ga juna ta amfani da nasu 'ya'yan itace.

A markings za a wasa da sandunansu. Kowane magatakarda ya ya Wand. Haruffa da aka sanya a cikin biyu launuka. Black Paint da aka yi amfani da babban rubutu, da kuma ja - kawai a farkon line.

Malaman Attaura shirya a makarantu. Shi ne mai babbar sana'a.

Champollion yarjejeniyar da rai

Lokacin da ya rasu wanda ya deciphered Masar hieroglyphs, ya damu game da ci gaba da nazarin al'adun zamanin d Misira. A zamaninmu, wannan yanki da aka kasaftawa a raba kimiyya. Yanzu ana karatu adabi, addini, tarihin wannan wayewa.

Ga mu amsa wannan tambaya na da daga cikin masana kimiyya gudanar decipher Masar hieroglyphics. Yau, ta zamani, masu bincike ne free yin aiki tare da firamare kafofin. Godiya ga Champollion da m duniya na zamanin d wayewa ta dage labulen ta asirai a kowace shekara.

Majiɓinci, na Ancient Masar Wallafe-wallafe

Thoth aka bauta wa da Masarawa a matsayin wani majiɓinci wallafe-wallafe. Ya aka kira da "magatakarda na alloli." The yawan zamanin d Misira gaskata cewa ya ƙirƙira da haruffa.

Bugu da kari, ya sanya da yawa binciken a fagen ilmin bokanci, Alchemy da kuma magani. Plato dangana shi ga magada daga cikin Atlantean wayewa, bayanin cewa ya m ilmi.