Greek haruffa. Sunayen da Girkanci haruffa. Girkanci haruffa

A Girkanci haruffa ya zama amfani da ci gaba tun ƙarshen 9 farkon 8th karni BC. e. By jarrabawa da masu bincike, wannan tsarin ya zama na farko da aka rubuta haruffa, hada da duka biyu baƙaƙe da vowels, kazalika da alãmarsu amfani da su raba su. Abin da suka zamanin d Girkanci haruffa? Ta yaya suka zo daga? Abin da wasika kammala Girkanci haruffa, da kuma abin da farawa? A wannan da kuma wasu daga baya a cikin labarin.

Ta yaya kuma idan sun Girkanci haruffa?

Ba dole ne a ce cewa a cikin da yawa Semitic haruffa da jinsin sunayen da fassarori. Shi ne ba a bayyana hakikanin abin da ya faru a lokacin da aron haruffa. Masu bincike bayar daban-daban dating wannan tsari daga 14 zuwa 7 ƙarni BC. e. Duk da haka, mafi mawallafa yarda a kan 9th da 10th ƙarni. Daga baya dating dama implausible, tun farkon Finds na Greek inscriptions za a iya amfani da su kawai game da 8th karni BC. e. ko ma a baya. A 10-9 ƙarni na arewa-Semitic fonts da wani kama. Amma akwai shaida cewa Helenawa aro rubutu tsarin musamman Phoenicians. Wannan gaskiya ne ma saboda wannan Semitic kungiyar da aka fi yadu rarraba da ake tsunduma a harkokin ciniki da shipping.

janar bayanai

Girkanci haruffa hada da 24 da haruffa. A wasu yaruka na pre-gargajiya zamanin da aka yi amfani da da kuma sauran alamu: hat, Sampo stigma, coppa, san digamma. Daga waɗanda ba a karshen na uku haruffa daga cikin Girkanci haruffa amfani dashi a rubutun lambobi. A Phoenician tsarin, kowane hali da aka kira wata kalma cewa ya fara da shi. Saboda haka, misali, da farko da aka rubuta alamar - "Aleph" (a bijimin, sa'an nan), na gaba - "fare" (gidan), na uku - Gimel (raƙumi) da sauransu. Daga bisani, a lokacin da aron mafi dacewa da aka gyara kusan kowane suna. A haruffa daga cikin Girkanci haruffa haka ya zama kadan sauki, rasa fassarar. Saboda haka, Aleph ya alpha, fare - beta, Gimel - sikelin. Daga baya, a lokacin da wasu daga cikin haruffa an canza ko kara a cikin rubuce-rubuce da tsarin, sunayen da Girkanci haruffa zama mafi m. Saboda haka, misali, "Omicron" - kadan game da "Omega" (karshe hali a cikin rubuce-rubuce da tsarin) - daidai da - more about.

sababbin abubuwa

Greek haruffa sun kafuwar ga wata babbar Turai fonts. A lokacin da wannan tsarin asali an rubuta ãyõyi aka ba kawai aro daga Yahudawa da Larabawa. Helenawa sanya shi nasu canje-canje. Alal misali, a cikin shugabanci na Semitic rubuce-rubuce da aka jawo haruffa ko dama don bar, ko kuma a kan mayẽwa a cikin shugabanci na layuka. Na biyu Hanyar da rubuce-rubuce da aka kira "boustrophedon". Wannan definition ne mai hade da kalmomi biyu, daga Greek fassara a matsayin "sa" da "nuna". Saboda haka, a gani image na dabba, da ja da garma a filin wasa, canza shugabanci na kwarin kunya to kwarin kunya. A sakamakon haka, a cikin Girkanci haruffa zama fifiko shugabanci na hagu zuwa dama. Yana, bi da bi, ya sa da dama daga dacewa canje-canje a cikin siffar wasu haruffa. Saboda haka, Greek haruffa daga baya allo wakiltar otzerkalennoe image Semitic alamomin.

darajar

Bisa daga cikin Girkanci haruffa da aka halitta, daga baya kuma ɓullo da wani babban yawan rubuce alamomin tsarin da yada a cikin yankin gabas ta tsakiya da Turai da kuma amfani a cikin rubuce-rubuce na kasashe da dama. Babu togiya, kuma QFontDatabase da latinnitsa. An sani cewa, misali, a lokacin da samar Slavonic haruffa advantageously Greek haruffa ana amfani. Baya da cewa haruffa amfani rubuta da harshen, suka yi amfani da matsayin kasa da kasa ilmin lissafi alamomin. Yau, da Girkanci haruffa ana amfani ba kawai a cikin lissafi, amma kuma sauran daidai kimiyyar. A musamman, wadannan alamomin ana kira taurari (misali, yin amfani da 19 Greek harafin "tau" koma zuwa Tau Ceti), na farko barbashi, da sauransu.

Tsaoho Greek haruffa

Wadannan haruffa ba su da wani ɓangare na gargajiya rubuce-rubuce tsarin. Wasu daga cikin su (Sampo coppa, digamma), kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, amfani ga Tazarar shigarwar. A wannan yanayin, biyu - Sampi da coppa - yi amfani a yau. A Byzantine sau digamma aka maye gurbinsu da wani ligature stigma. A wasu tsaoho yaruka na wadannan haruffa har yanzu yana da sauti darajar da aka yi amfani da lokacin rubuta kalmomi. A mafi muhimmanci wakilan Greek yankunan dauke Latin tsarin da bambance-bambancen karatu. A musamman, wadannan sun hada da Gaelic da Gothic wasika. A daidai wannan lokaci akwai sauran fonts da cewa an kai tsaye ko a kaikaice alaka da Girkanci haruffa. Daga gare su ne ogamicheskuyu da Shizuka tsarin.

Haruffa a yi amfani da sauran harsuna

A wasu lokuta, da Girkanci haruffa aka yi amfani da kam na sosai harsuna daban daban (misali, Tsohon Church). A wannan yanayin, da sabon tsarin kara sabon haruffa - ƙarin alamun yana nuna data kasance harshe sauti. A cikin shakka daga tarihi a wadannan lokuta ne sau da yawa kafa wararriyar rubuce-rubuce tsarin. Alal misali, akwai wani QFontDatabase, Etruscan da kuma 'yan Koftik alphabets. Amma sau da yawa da tsarin na rubuta alamomin zauna ma canzawa. Wannan shi ne lokacin da aka halicci yafi halarci Greek haruffa, da kuma kawai a kananan yawa - ƙarin haruffa.

baza

A Girkanci haruffa da dama iri. Kowane irin An hade da wani wasu mallaka, ko birni-jiha. Amma duk wadannan iri fada cikin daya daga biyu main Categories amfani a yammacin da kuma gabashin yankunan Greek tasiri. Bambanci tsakanin jinsunan kunshi audio siffofin da aka dangana ga alamomin kara wa waɗanda riga kunshe a cikin rubuce-rubuce da tsarin. Saboda haka, misali, a cikin gabashin alamar "psi" ne da sunan kamar PS, a yamma kamar yadda kh, da alama na "chi" a gabas ne da sunan kamar yadda kh, a yamma - KS. Classic Greek font wani misali ne na ionic ko Oriental irin rubuce-rubuce da tsarin. Hukumance, ya aka dauka a 404 BC. e. a Athens da kuma daga baya bazu ko'ina cikin Greek ƙasa. Direct zuriyar wannan font ne zamani rubuce-rubuce tsarin, kamar, misali, Gothic da kuma 'yan Koftik, kiyaye kawai a cikin coci amfani. Su ma za a iya dangana ga QFontDatabase haruffa, soma ga Rasha da kuma da dama wasu harsuna. Na biyu main irin Greek rubutu - Western - yi amfani a wasu yankuna na Italiya da sauran kasashen yammaci mazauna na zuwa Girka. An yi imani da cewa wannan irin rubuce-rubuce da ya fara Etruscan font, da kuma ta hanyar shi - da Latin, wanda ya zama wata babbar a cikin ƙasa na zamanin d Roma da kuma yammacin Turai.