Siffofin kwayoyin haihuwa. Table kiwo jinsunan

Da ikon da talikan haifa nasu irin aka kira haifuwa. Kamar wancan kayyade kayan da aka canjawa wuri zuwa zũriyarsu, da parental halaye a sãɓãwar launukansa digiri, kuma ya bayyana a halin kamar yadda na biyu kwayoyin.

Nau'in procreation

Masana kimiyya sun gano biyu main siffofin haifuwa kwayoyin. Yana iya zama jima'i ko asexually. A cikin tsohon yanayin, sake kunnawa dole zuriyarsa 2 samfurori, kuma a karo na biyu daya kawai isasshe.

Lokacin da sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, wani sabon kwayoyin fita daga somatic Kwayoyin. A yanayi, akwai hanyoyi da dama na procreation ba tare da jima'i gabobin. Wadannan sun hada da cloning, budding, fragmentation, sporulation, division, cloning.

A jima'i haifuwa, sabon kwayoyin fito daga ci na musamman sel haihuwar kira gametes, da m samuwar wani zygote. Wannan hanya ita ce mafi m kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da asexually.

Kwatanta amfanin

Ya kamata a lura cewa duka hanyoyin da procreation da su abũbuwan amfãni. Alal misali, akwai da wadannan abũbuwan amfãni masana kimiyyar halitta sake yiwuwar tohowarsu:

• ikon taka muhimmiyar yawan mutane.
• zũriyarmu kama da iyaye kwayoyin a kan dukkan filaye.

Wannan hanya na haifuwa sabon mutane ya sa ya yiwu da sauri samu da yawa a cikin zuriyata. Wannan shi ne da amfani ga jinsin cewa rayuwa a cikin m yanayi. Shi ne sauri, da yawa kuma daidai haifuwa na kofe na masu juna biyu kwayoyin ne ma'anar sake yiwuwar tohowarsu. Wannan hanya na samar da zuriya ta amfani da biyu shuke-shuke da protozoa.

Amma jima'i haifuwa halayyar da ɗumbin mafiya halittu masu rai. Shi ne iya tabbatar da bambancin kwayoyin da rassa samu samfurori. Shi damar da su zuwa da sauri daidaita zuwa canza yanayin rayuwa. Lalle ne, a lokacin da samuwar wani sabon hade da kwayoyin halittu na kwayoyin da ya auku iyaye.

Nau'in na sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, zũriyarmu

Akwai hanyoyi da dama don samun alaƙa kwayoyin ba tare da jam sel. Su binciken ilmin halitta. Sake bugun, iri na biyu kwayoyin a cikin abin da ba ya canza, za a iya dogara ne a kan daya ko fiye rarraba Kwayoyin.

A cikin farko idan irin ware siffofin:

• Single ko jam'i (schizogony) cell division.
• sporulation.
• celled budding.

Lokacin da rarraba cell kungiyar rarrabuwa aka yi kamar haka:

• fragmentation.
• budding kwayar kwayoyin (msl, hydra).

Kowace daga cikin wadannan iri sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, yana da halaye.

siffofin haifuwa

A mafi sauki zaɓi ne da ya saba division. Shi ne na hali na da yawa sauki. Misalai asexual multiplication da binary fission: amoeba, ciliates sifila euglena kore.

Tartsatsi dauke sporulation. Shi ne halayyar kusan dukkan tsire-tsire, fungi, da kuma wasu sauki prokaryotic kwayoyin (misali kwayoyin cuta ko blue-kore algae).

A yawan unicellular da kwayar kwayoyin, akwai irin wannan nau'i na kiwo, kamar budding. Wannan ya faru kamar haka: karo bayyana a cikin uwa tasa ta jiki, wanda qara a size. A wannan sa'an nan akwai farkon duk gabobin. Lokacin da aiwatar terminates, budding faruwa. Wannan haifuwa Hanyar da aka yi amfani da coelenterates (hydra), unicellular (yisti, wasu iri ciliates).

Amma wanda zai iya buga wasu misalai na sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, kwayoyin. Saboda haka, kada ka manta game da fragmentation. A wannan tsari, da iyaye mutum ne zuwa kashi da dama sassa. Daga kowane daga cikinsu kafa wani sabon kwayoyin. Alal misali, filamentous algae Spirogyra za a iya karya a wani wuri. Sassa biyu a nan gaba za su sami biyu da sabon jiki.

Domin shuke-shuke halin da vegetative yaduwa. Bisa ga ka'idar da matakai da shi ba ya bambanta daga budding ko fragmentation. A shuka iya samar da musamman Tsarin wajibi ne ga haifuwa. Ana zargin wani na biyu na jiki sashi ba shi da yiwu tare da masu juna biyu kwayoyin.

syngenesis

Mai abubuwa masu rai haifa kansu kwayoyin ta hanyar hada kwayoyin abu na biyu mutane. Don wannan karshen, biyu gametes fis, kuma sakamakon haka ne a diploid zygote. A ci gaban da sabon cikakken jiki jũya. Siffofin jima'i haifuwa kwayoyin halin da wasu flowering shuke-shuke, mafi yawan dabbobi da kuma, ba shakka, mutum.

Gametes ne na iri biyu - namiji da mace. Idan nau'i ne a iri guda ba, kowane daga cikin cell iri generated daidai da namiji da mace mutane. Wasu kwayoyin ne iya samar da iri gametes da kansa. A wannan yanayin da ake kira dauke da lalurar mata.

Shi ne kuma zai yiwu jima'i haifuwa a wadda gametes ba su da hannu. Wannan nau'in kamar Tasrifu, gametangiogamiya, apogamy, gologamiya.

A tsari na haifuwa

All kwayoyin an hada da Kwayoyin. Su girma da kuma ci gaba ne yiwu saboda gaskiyar cewa suna kullum sake bugawa. A lokacin da rayuwar kwayar halitta shekaru daban-daban, kuma ya mutu. Su aka maye gurbinsu da wasu zo. Iyakar hanyar nuna sabon Kwayoyin ne rabo daga waɗanda suke a gabãninsu. Wannan shi ne wani m tsari ga wani dabba. Alal misali, a cikin jikin mutum kowane biyu ne zuwa kashi da dama miliyan wadannan raka'a.

Ilmin halitta sun bayyana hanyoyi uku na cell yaduwa. Direct division kira amitosis, kaikaitaccen - mitosis, saukarwa - meiosis. Ko da kuwa da irin haifuwa kwayoyin, kowane ciki har da data gudana daga ƙarƙashinsu tafiyar matakai.

Amitosis da mitosis

A kalla kowa da talauci karatu cell division tsari ne amitosis. A wannan tsari, da zuciyar da aka raba ta da wani constriction. A lokaci guda don tabbatar da uniform rarraba da kwayoyin abu ne ba zai yiwu ba. A cell da aka raba ta amitosis, a mafi yawan lokuta, ba zai iya ci gaba da tafiyar da akai sake zagayowar na mitosis. Saboda haka, an dauke da za a halakakke.

Universal Hanyar haifuwa a eukaryotic Kwayoyin ne mitosis. A dabba Kwayoyin shi ya wuce, yawanci for awa. Kada rashin sanin cikakken farashi da darajar da nazarin halittu haifuwa, domin shi ne godiya ga shi, shi bayar da ci gaba da kuma ci gaban da dukkan kwayoyin.

mitosis

A jerin duk matakai da cewa faruwa a lokacin samuwar sabuwar Kwayoyin, kira cell sake zagayowar. Ya kunshi matakai uku: Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis. A zagayowar lokacin dogara a kan irin Kwayoyin, kuma daga waje dalilai. Shafi zazzabi, gina jiki samuwa, oxygen. Alal misali, a cikin hanji epithelium ne samuwar sabuwar Kwayoyin faruwa a kowane 8-10 minti a cikin kwayoyin - kowane minti 20.

Tsari zai fara da Interphase. A wannan lokaci, akwai matakai na m girma. Nuna abubuwa da taimaka wajen kara cell da kuma cikar dukan da sanya ayyuka. A lokacin Interphase ne DNA kwafi.

Kai tsaye a lokacin mitosis lokaci faruwa nukiliya fission. Chromatids lokacin tsari rabu da juna da kuma kafa sake rabawa tsakanin 'yar Kwayoyin kamar yadda chromosome.

Tsari, a lokacin da tsaga tsakanin sabon tsarin na cytoplasm, kira cytokinesis.

A lokacin mitosis, da Kwayoyin suna kafa, a cikin abin da kwayoyin bayanai ne gaba daya m ga iyaye kwayoyin. A wannan tsari na anya yawan chromosomes.

meiosis

A wannan hanya, cell division chromosome lambar da aka halved. Wannan na tabbatar da dabbobi da kuma jima'i haifuwa sporogenesis a tsire-tsire. A lokacin meiosis akwai biyu m division, da kuma Earsbe su guda reduplication na DNA.

All dole kayan na wadannan matakai suna kara haja har a lokacin farko da mataki - Interphase. Kowane mataki na ƙungiyar ne zuwa kashi hudu lokuta: prophase, metaphase, anaphase da telophase. A wannan lokaci kuma suna cikin mitosis, amma kowane tsari yana da halaye.

Origin meiosis - wani rabo na sel a cikin abin da yawan chromosomes an rage ta 2 sau. biyu haploid bayyana daga daya diploid ilimi. A wannan lokaci, da matakai ci gaba DNA Helix kafa division dogara sanda. Bugu da ƙari, Tasrifu yana da za'ayi a cikin prophase na homologue chromosomes. A sakamakon vapors samar bivalent. A wasu wurare da shi chromatids ƙetare. Wannan tsari shine ake kira hayewa.

A karshe mataki ne da ake kira na biyu meiosis. Wannan division, a cikin abin da Kwayoyin suna kafa tare da wani haploid sa na chromosomes, kunsha na daya chromatid. A sakamakon da matakai da aka bayyana samuwar wani diploid (ko oogonia spermatogonia) bar 4 Kwayoyin.

Halittu muhimmanci shi ne samuwar meiotic Kwayoyin cewa samar da kiwo dabbobi ko jima'i spore samuwar a cikin mafi girma dabbobi. Wannan shi ne hanya a tabbatar da goyon baya da kayyade haifuwa dawwamar jinsunan.

Musamman jima'i da kuma sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, kwayoyin

Dangane da iri a cikin abin da Kwayoyin raba, don samar da zuriya cewa emit daban-daban na wannan tsari. Dabam, ya kamata a lura da cewa rayuwa na da yawa kwayoyin a cikin canza yanayin sa da sosai cewa sun iya hada hanyoyi daban-daban na haifuwa.

Hakika, jima'i da kuma sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, ta nasu irin kwayoyin bambanta da yawa. Table kiwo jinsunan zai taimaka wajen gane abin da yake cikin muhimman hakkokin bambanci.

A fili yake cewa jima'i siffofin haifuwa kwayoyin ne mafi nagartaccen. Amma asexually tabbatar da sauri sake kunnawa na babban adadin zuriyarsa. A jima'i haifuwa kwayoyin yawan rassa da aka girma da sauri.