Shugabannin Kievan Rus. Ikon sarki a Kievan Rus

Tsohon Rasha jihar - mai karfi, m siyasa mahaluži na tsakiyar zamanai lokaci. Formation hukumomin gwamnati faru hankali. Dalili na samuwar karfe Rus tribal ƙungiya Slavic, wanda a cikin shakka daga dogon lokacin da 'yan adawa sõyayya a cikin guda jihar. Siyasa da tattalin arziki tsarin sun kafa babban sarakuna na Kievan Rus.

Farkon mataki na Rasha statehood

Da farko akwai 14 tribal kungiya ta kashin na Slavs. Daga cikinsu akwai Duliby, vyatichi yan Arewa Tivertsy da yawa wasu. Tribal kungiyoyin samo asali a cikin harkokin siyasa da ilimi, wanda za a iya kira wani samfur jihar. Mafi tasiri da aka share kuma Duliby. A sakamakon yaki da nomadic, shi ya zama mafi iko da glade. Tare da wannan kabilar hade tushe na Kiev - babban birnin kasar a nan gaba Rasha. A kusa da birnin da aka kafa wasu da karfi mulkoki. By tsakiyar IX karni, bisa ga tarihi, za mu iya magana game da bunqasar na disparate jihar ƙungiyoyi tare. A nasara waje events sarauta ce da labarin. Kievan Rus nasarar yaƙi da Larabawa da kuma sauran abokan gaba.

Novgorod: a karo na biyu cibiyar na Rasha

Na biyu bayan Kiev mafi muhimmanci siyasa cibiyar da aka kafa a Novgorod. Za mu iya magana game da kafa daga birnin a cikin X karni. Novgorod da aka kafa a kan ƙasa zama na Slavic kabilu. Ga Confederation aka kafa. Hada hada da wakilan wadanda ba Slavic mutane - a cewar bincike, da suka mamaye yankin.

A arewacin da kuma kudancin yankunan samuwar statehood - Kiev da Novgorod - daban-daban matakan siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma. Masana tarihi sun lura da cewa, Kiev ya m da kuma ci gaba. A lokaci guda, Novgorod zauna kusan "daji". The hukunci factor a ci gaba daga arewacin cibiyar ya Varangian ci. A farko shugabannin Kievan Rus zo daga Scandinavia. Varangian factor da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan ci gaban statehood.

Me Scandinavians? Daga cikin Slavic Jĩkõki, sun kasance ba united a kan management. Vikings a lokacin sarrafawa tarin haraji. Da farko Slavs tayar, ya ƙi biya. Karfafa kabilu da kuma fitar da invaders, amma shi ya ba ya kawo hadin kai a gare su. A sakamakon haka, da Slavs kira edit Rurik - Scandinavian sarki. Shugabannin Kievan Rus dauke zuriyarsa.

Da farko lokaci na tarihi ci gaban Rasha

A farko shugabannin Kievan Rus da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan hanya na tarihi. Rurik ya iya haduwa da kabilu da kuma warware wasu matsaloli, amma a 879, ya rasu. Ɗansa, da kuma rightful magaji ga 'ya'yan sarakuna suna ya ma matasa da kuma ba zai iya gudanar da mulki kanta - karkashin data kasance dokoki, ya aka nada regent.

Oleg - daya daga cikin mafi enigmatic tarihi Figures. Game da shi muka sani sosai kadan - masu bincike ba zai iya gano ta asali. Ko da sunan Regent ya kawo rigima. ya zarar ya zama tafin kafa mulkin. Prince of Kievan Rus, Oleg gudanar da wani jerin nasara kamfen, sakamakon daya daga gare su, ya zama shugaban dukan jihar.

A 882 ya aka kama Kiev, wanda a lokacin da aka mulki ta hanyar Askold da Dir. Wadannan sarakuna da aka kashe, da kuma su ikon da aka kama da Oleg. Saboda haka, arewaci da kudancin yankunan da Rasha da aka sõyayya. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan da Oleg. Shugabanninmu na Kievan Rus, wanda ya yi mulki bayansa, ya samu nasarar kumbura da ƙasa.

Oleg gudanar ya aiwatar da wani canji - canza kungiyar na Slavic kabilu. A baya can, da aka watsar da Ilimi, Prince ya iya sa harsashin ginin karkashin shugabancin tsakiya.

Prince Igor da matarsa Olga

A rightful magaji na Rurik zo ikon a 912. Ya yi mulki ba za a iya kira cin nasara. Ya yi don ci gaba da aiki na Oleg - don su yi yaƙi da hali to a kadaici, to wanda gravitated Slavic kabilu, amma ba koyaushe nasara.

A sakamakon haka, da uku-shekara yaki Ya hõre Igor Ulichi da Drevlyane, amma sosai yiwu. Ulichi gane Prince mulki kawai yanaye. A mafi girma gazawar na Board Igor ya zama haraji da manufofin. Prince rayayye yi yaƙi da yawa abokan adawar, kuma wannan bukata kudi. Da zarar, a lokacin maimaita yunkurin da tattara haraji, Igor aka kashe Drevlyane.

Bayan mutuwarsa, zo iko Olga - matarsa. Yana da matsayi na regent ga qananan dan Igor. Olga, kamar sauran sarakunan Kievan Rus, ya yi mai yawa don kawo canji a jihar. Ta farko yi ya ramawa Drevlianys amma sai m streamlined haraji tarin tsarin. Haraji fara tattara tsakiya da kuma tsare.

A kasashen waje da manufofin daga cikin shugabannin Rasha a farko mataki na statehood

The Management Board daga cikin sarakunan Kievan Rus da abu daya a cikin kowa kasashen waje da manufofin - don kula da dangantakar da Rum. Kowane lokaci m yanayin da lambobi da aka mutum.

A dalilai na riba a Rum sa a cikin babban tasiri cewa wannan kasar ta yi a kan dukan Turai: jihar shi da cinikayya, al'adu da kuma addini cibiyar. Akuma a cikin yãƙi, ko huldar diplomasiyya tare da Konstantinoful, da sarakunan Kievan Rus kokarin tabbatar da kanta a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama. A farko kamfen kwashe Oleg - a cikin 907 da kuma 911, bi da bi. A sakamakon haka ne m for Rasha yarjejeniya: Rum aka zamar masa dole ya biya wani babban Jimlar gudunmawar da ya bayar na musamman cinikayya yanayi na Rasha fatake.

Yi yawo a kan Rum ci gaba Igor, amma a cikin akwati shi ba haka ba nasara. A cikin 941 da kuma 943 da shekaru, Prince sanya wani ƙoƙari na inganta yanayin da haihuwa kwangila. A lokacin farko na yakin neman zabe da sojojin sha kaye. 2, al'amarin da yaƙi bai faru ba, domin Igor taru wata babbar rundunar soja. The Byzantine sarki amince da su da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, amma shi ya kasa riba ga Rasha fiye da yarjejeniyar 911 shekara.

Hulda da Konstantinoful Olga sa wani daban-daban hali. Rum Duchess ziyarci 'yan sau. Ta yi sha'awar a cikin Christianization na Rus. A lokacin daya kai ziyarar, Olga zama Kirista, amma a general ta addini da manufofin da aka m.

Wani yankin na kasashen waje da manufofin da wuri, tun mataki na ci gaba da statehood sun Caucasian da kuma Arab Khalifanci.

Svyatoslav - Prince Warrior

Igor ta dan Svyatoslav zo da iko a shekara 964 da juyin mulki da za'ayi a kan uwarsa da regent - Olga. Movies Prince yarda Rasha zama daya daga cikin mafi m kasashen.

A farko yanki na amfani Svyatoslav sun Slavic kabilu. Prince hada da wasu yankuna na Rus. Svyatoslav yi yaƙi da Khazars da Volga Bulgars.

Prince nasarorin m Rum - a jihar da aka sani na da ikon da za su gudanar diplomasiyya yaki. Konstantinoful ya iya samun shiga a cikin juriya da Rasha da Bulgarians. Rum "ya nemi taimako" Svyatoslav kayar da wadannan mutane. A cikin shakka daga wata babbar yakin Dorostol Rasha prince ci Bulgarians - don haka ya ƙare na farko Balkan yaƙin neman zaɓe. Saboda haka, Rum samu kawar da babban makiyin da wakili. Shekara guda daga baya, Svyatoslav ne na biyu Balkan yaƙin neman zaɓe - shi ne farkon mai nasara, amma Konstantinoful ya iya dakatar da sojojin Rasha da kuma gabatar prince yarjejeniya. Sharuddan: Rasha kamata ba ya zama a yaki da Rum, ba sa da'awar a kan ƙasa na Crimea.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa na farko Svyatoslav Rasha hukumance raba tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza domin ya kauce wa jayayya bayan mutuwarsa.

A farkon na "Golden Era" na Rasha: sarautar Vladimira Svyatoslavovicha

A lokacin da mafi girma da ci gaba Rasha ta samu a zamanin mulkin Vladimira Velikogo da Yaroslava Mudrogo. A wannan lokaci, a karshe kunshe iyakoki na jihar, yankin ya kasance mafi girma, ya jerin sauye-sauye a kan siyasa da tattalin arziki tsarin.

Bayan rasuwar Svyatoslav fara wani fratricidal gwagwarmayar iko. A 'yan adawa ya ci Vladimir, daga baya ya kira mai girma. A 980, ya zama mai mulkin duk Rasha. A zamanin mulkin Vladimir ya kafa kansa a matsayin wani strategist, jami'in diflomasiyyar, soja da kuma kawo canji. A lokacin da ya gwamnatin ƙasar Rasha kammala samuwar.

Kievan Rus Prince Vladimir ciyar da dama da sake fasalin:

• A cikin shakka daga cikin gwamnati - an legally bayar da cikakken yankin division da ke jihar.
• Soja garambawul: canje-canje shafi tribal kungiyar na sojojin. Maimakon haka, Vladimir sake saduwa da tsaro tsarin na Rasha da kuma mulkin gargajiya na'urar. Prince ya ba da mafi kyau kan iyaka, sojoji - da suka noma cikin ƙasa, kuma ya kare kan iyaka.
• Addini: a 988 Prince Vladimir baftisma Rus.

A fanni na kasashen waje da manufofin da aka ci gaba dangantakar da Rum, kafa lambobi da Ruhu Mai Roman Empire.

A lokacin gwagwarmayar ikon

Prince Vladimir mutu a 1015. Magajinsa fara rayayye yaki domin 'yancinsu. A lokacin da rayuwar Vladimir mika 'ya'ya maza na duniya, amma shi ba ya warware matsalar - da kowa da kowa so ya mallaki duk yankuna. Hudu 'yan'uwa da aka kashe a lokacin adawa. A sakamakon haka, da karfi abokan adawar su ne gwamnan Chernigov da Mstislav Kievan Prince Yaroslav. A 1024 tsakanin su da sojojin yaki ya faru kusa da garin itãce. Yaroslav aka ci, amma 'yan'uwa su iya cimma yarjejeniya da a hade gyara fiye da shekaru 10, har mutuwar Mstislav.

Shugabannin sun amince cewa, Rasha za ta zama biyu cibiyoyin - Kyiv da kuma Chernihiv. Wannan siyasa sabon abu ne da sunan duumvirate - irin misalai ne 'yan san labarin. Kievan Rus a zamanin da 'yan'uwa ƙarfafa matsayin Yaroslav wani talented siyasa, da kuma Mstislav - soja shugaban da strategist.

flowering lokaci

Bayan rasuwar Mstislav Jaroslav zama tafin kafa mulkin Rasha. Shekaru da ya sarauta - wani lokaci na unprecedented wadata, da karkashin shugabancin tsakiya jihar. Yaroslav wani jami'in diflomasiyyar, a kawo canji, ba jarumi ba. Daga yara ya na da m tsarin mulki, rashin lafiya da kuma aka Dortmund. Amma wadannan shortcomings aka biya diyya da babban iko na yarima a gida siyasa da diplomasiyya lambobi.

Back a cikin jeri duumvirate Yaroslav da ɗan'uwansa gudanar ya cinye ƙasar a kusa da kan iyakoki na Rasha. Shugabanni yi yawa, don ƙarfafa tsaro iyawa na jihar. A zamanin mulkin Yaroslav gudanar ya doke tsohon makiyan Rasha - da Pechenegs. A girmama wannan taron shi aka gina St. Sophia Cathedral - an yi fice a abin tunawa daga gine.

A kasashen waje da manufofin, halin da ake ciki ya kasance barga. Jaroslav sojojin za'ayi karshe yakin da Rum. Ya bai yi nasara ba, amma shi ba zai cutar da matsayi na Rasha a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama.

Yaroslav shi ne shahararren "iyali diflomasiyyar" - duk da 'ya'yansa aure da babban Turai shugabanni ko wakilan daraja haihuwa.

Babban kadara na flowering lokaci shi ne "Rasha Gaskiya" - na farko da aka rubuta code na dokokin. Marubucin ya Yaroslav, lakabi da hikima. Akwai aka kiyaye duk ka'idojin da suka shafi cewa tsara rayuwar al'ummar jihar.

Great shugabannin Kievan Rus - Yaroslav da Vladimir - sanya jihar daya daga cikin mafi girma da kuma mafi tasiri a Turai.

A farkon fragmentation na Rus '

heyday dade har zuwa tsakiyar karni na XI - bi ta a hankali a hankali ƙi fara. Kievan Rus Prince Vladimir da zai gaje shi Jaroslav samu kusan guda - a bin doka yake kunshe da rabuwa na jihar tare da jikokinsa maza. Wannan ya yi tare da mafi kyau, amma a tabbatacce sakamakon da aka ba bi.

Yaroslav 'ya'yan fara yaki domin iko. A sakamakon haka, shi ya canja siffar na daular mulkinsu - Karkasa zama federated. An kuma yi wa ado triumvirate - na musamman da siyasa jam'iyya, ta hanyar abin da gwamnati ta samu nasarar for game da shekaru 20. Times sun wuce, da kuma kowane daga cikin triumvirs so su mayar da hankali a hannuwansu dukan iko. A auka daga cikin kungiyar tarayyar hukumance dauki kan Vyshgorod Congress - 'yan'uwa amince da sarauta a nuna. Sa'an nan kuma akwai wani firam "Gaskiya Yaroslav", wanda ya zama Bugu da kari daga cikin "Rasha gaskiya". Saboda haka, na farko ya Prince Svyatoslav, bayan Izyaslav, na karshe - Vsevolod.

A karshen karni da aka alama ta manyan-sikelin adawa tsakanin magada kuma claimants to ikon. Point to kasancewar guda Rasha ya zama da majalisar Liubech - aka yanke shawarar cewa kowane prince kamata sarauta da ƙasashensu. Wannan ya zama tushen da fragmentation.

Rasha shugabannin Kievan Rus a karshen XI karni kammala da wanzuwar guda, karfi jihar. A karshe yunkurin mayar da tsohon daukakar yana sarautar Vladimira Monomaha, da kuma bayan - ɗansa. wani sabon sa na "Yarjejeniya" dokokin da aka sake saduwa, haƙĩƙa, sun shige na wani dan gajeren lokaci na ƙasar.

Juyin Halitta daga jihar ikon a Rasha

A nau'i na gwamnati a Rasha wani daular mulkinsu. Yana da aka modified sau da yawa a lokacin da ci gaban statehood. Ikon da sarkin a Kievan Rus tafi dogon hanya.

A can farko na ci gaban jihar-Prince ya na yaki shugaban. Yana da wani m nau'i na daular mulkinsu, wanda ya dogara ga tawagar. The sojojin da yarima su ne tip na jihar. Around wannan sauki na'urar da kwamitin ya dauki siffar da haraji tsarin da kotu. Game da yarima a wancan mataki yana da wuya a ce, yadda game da wani dattaku, ko kawo canji. Wannan shi ne zamanin Rurik, Igor, Oleg.

A flowering na Rasha - lokacin da rajista na wani Karkasa daular mulkinsu. Yanzu sarkin - ba kawai wani soja, amma kuma a kawo canji, dan siyasa. The sojojin ne rasa tasiri a yanke shawara na m - tawagar fara gudanar da kai tsaye ayyuka. A Prince bayyana mashawarta - boyars. Wannan tsohon Rasha aristocracy, wanda ya da wani banbanci. The m a lokacin, shi ne mai ɗaukar iko, wakilin Rasha a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama, Wakili ga ikon da kwanciyar hankali.

Lokacin da Rasha ta fara rarrabu, Karkasa jihar hankali ya juya a cikin wani tarayya. Yana canza yanayin ikon shugabanni. Yanzu akwai wani guda sarkin duk Rasha - akwai mutane da yawa shugabannin da suka yi na kowa yanke shawara a majalisa.

Muhimmanci hukuma ya boyar majalisa. Wani abu ya duba kamar samfur na majalisar. Musamman ma muhimmancin wannan dalĩli ya karu a mataki na fragmentation. A cikin kwanaki na Karkasa mafita boyar majalisa da aka goyon bayan.

Shugabannin Kievan Rus (Table): fasali na siyasa ci gaban da jihar:

gwamnan	Features
Rurik	zama
Oleg, Igor	Daidaituwa na Arewa da ta Kudu na Rasha, na farko gyare-gyare na daular mulkinsu a lokacin retinue fom
regency Olga	M addini manufofin, da yunkurin kawo jihar a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama
Svyatoslav	Fadada yankunan, wani misali na retinue na daular mulkinsu
Vladimir, Yaroslav	Karkashin shugabancin tsakiya ikon mulkin
magada daga Yaroslav	Ana zargin wani tarayya daular mulkinsu

Siyasa hotuna na hakiman Kievan Rus ƙyale mu mu fahince fasali na zamanin kowanne. Soja ɗaukakarsa, da kuma ikon Oleg da Svyatoslav a farko mataki na ci gaba, diflomasiyya da kuma gyara daga Vladimir kuma Yaroslav a cikin Yuan, jayayya - duk da wannan tarihi, kana bukatar ka san kowa da kowa. Rasha a ci gaba da dauki gargajiya, saukarwa - samuwar, flowering, ƙi.